一、django项目结构
一般常见django项目目录机构如下图:
二、创建django project
windows环境下,进入命令行运行窗口,在项目所在的目录下,使用django-admin/python manage.py进行django项目的创建/管理。
Step1.
使用django-admin startproject yourproject命令创建,成功执行后根目录下会生成settings.py,urls.py,manage.py
settings.py中需更改项目所需的数据库参数
Step2.
使用python manage.py startapp yourapp,可以创建多个app
Step3.
使用python manage.py syncdb 在数据库中创建与models.py代码对应的表,如果没有,则默认生产django依赖的相关表。
使用python manage.py inspectdb > yourproject/db/models.py 根据数据库反向生成models.py。
使用python manage.py runserver 8008启动项目
三、实战项目
1.settings.py配置解析# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- # Django settings for NYPayment project. from config import * #设置为True则会返回django的错误页面 DEBUG = False #是否开启debug,生产环境设置为 TEMPLATE_DEBUG = False #是否开启debug,生产环境设置为False ADMINS = ( # ('Your Name', '[email protected]'), ) MANAGERS = ADMINS #以下所有数据库相关参数都从config.py中引入 DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', # Add 'postgresql_psycopg2', 'postgresql', 'mysql', 'sqlite3' or 'oracle'. 'NAME': db_name, # Or path to database file if using sqlite3. 'USER': db_user, # Not used with sqlite3. 'PASSWORD': db_password, # Not used with sqlite3. 'HOST': db_host, # Set to empty string for localhost. Not used with sqlite3. 'PORT': db_port, # Set to empty string for default. Not used with sqlite3. } } # Local time zone for this installation. Choices can be found here: # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tz_zones_by_name # although not all choices may be available on all operating systems. # On Unix systems, a value of None will cause Django to use the same # timezone as the operating system. # If running in a Windows environment this must be set to the same as your # system time zone. TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' # Language code for this installation. All choices can be found here: # http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode/language-identifiers.html LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us' #可以用于做国际化参数设置,这里不做赘述。 SITE_ID = 1 # If you set this to False, Django will make some optimizations so as not # to load the internationalization machinery. USE_I18N = True #开启支持国际化 # If you set this to False, Django will not format dates, numbers and # calendars according to the current locale USE_L10N = True # Absolute filesystem path to the directory that will hold user-uploaded files. # Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/media/" MEDIA_ROOT = '' #可用于配置上传文件的根目录 # URL that handles the media served from MEDIA_ROOT. Make sure to use a # trailing slash. # Examples: "http://media.lawrence.com/media/", "http://example.com/media/" MEDIA_URL = '' #访问上传文件的url # Absolute path to the directory static files should be collected to. # Don't put anything in this directory yourself; store your static files # in apps' "static/" subdirectories and in STATICFILES_DIRS. # Example: "/home/media/media.lawrence.com/static/" STATIC_ROOT = '' #静态文件的根目录,这里设置为空。实际生产环境中为了性能可能不放置在项目中,由apache指定 # URL prefix for static files. # Example: "http://media.lawrence.com/static/" STATIC_URL = '/static/' # URL prefix for admin static files -- CSS, JavaScript and images. # Make sure to use a trailing slash. # Examples: "http://foo.com/static/admin/", "/static/admin/". ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX = '/static/admin/'
# Additional locations of static files STATICFILES_DIRS = (#project_path+'/static/' # Put strings here, like "/home/html/static" or "C:/www/django/static". # Always use forward slashes, even on Windows. # Don't forget to use absolute paths, not relative paths. ) # List of finder classes that know how to find static files in # various locations. STATICFILES_FINDERS = ( 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.FileSystemFinder', 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.AppDirectoriesFinder', # 'django.contrib.staticfiles.finders.DefaultStorageFinder', ) # Make this unique, and don't share it with anybody. SECRET_KEY = 'nr+l!-c%9vi2=!z-#a2&f#^t#qzyy&-__xu7l3&p9c-9^am%8n' # List of callables that know how to import templates from various sources. TEMPLATE_LOADERS = ( 'django.template.loaders.filesystem.Loader', 'django.template.loaders.app_directories.Loader', # 'django.template.loaders.eggs.Loader', ) MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES = ( 'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware', 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware', # 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',#用于防御跨站点请求伪造全局中间件,在这个项目中不需要。 'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware', 'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware', ) ROOT_URLCONF = 'front_web.urls' TEMPLATE_DIRS = (os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates').replace('\\','/'),) INSTALLED_APPS = ( 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.sites', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', # Uncomment the next line to enable the admin: 'django.contrib.admin', # Uncomment the next line to enable admin documentation: # 'django.contrib.admindocs', 'front_web.gateways',#install your app这里django会把你的app引入到工程中 ) CACHES = {#使用数据库方式缓存 'default': { 'BACKEND': 'django.core.cache.backends.db.DatabaseCache', 'LOCATION': 'django_cache_table' #python manage.py createcachetable创建django自带的缓存表 } } # A sample logging configuration. The only tangible logging# performed by this configuration is to send an email to # the site admins on every HTTP 500 error. # See http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/logging for # more details on how to customize your logging configuration. import logginglogging.basicConfig( #这里日志作用方式为全局,整个项目中所有的日志都会记录在log.txt,当然还可以设置不同级别日志,这里不做赘述。 level = logging.DEBUG, format = '%(asctime)s %(levelname)s %(module)s.%(funcName)s Line:%(lineno)d %(message)s', filename = PROJECT_PATH + 'log.txt', ) SIGNATURE = True #自定义全局变量,from django.conf import settings可以引用所有全局变量
2.urls.py解析
from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, include, url # Uncomment the next two lines to enable the admin: from django.contrib import admin admin.autodiscover() urlpatterns = patterns('', # Uncomment the next line to enable the admin: url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls)), url(r'^remit/', include('front_web.gateways.urls')),#这里采用的方式引入了app中urls,所有app访问的路由地址都会以/remit/开头 )
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from django.conf.urls.defaults import patterns, include, url # App中的urls.py urlpatterns = patterns('front_web.gateways',#App所在的django目录 url(r'^payment/$','payment.payment'),#子功能模块方法 url(r'^query/$','query.query'), )
3.app功能模块解析
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from front_web.utils.msgcheck import * import time #@为app所需的两个装饰器,@post_required类似django自带的login_required,@exception()则用于记录异常日志 @post_required @exception() def payment(request): return HttpResponse({"status":"OK"}) #具体的业务逻辑代码已经省略