本文介绍一些C++的两个新特性,它们虽然微小,但对你的编程十分重要
一、新的数据类型
C++11添加的新的数据类型如下:
char16_t、char32_t
long long、unsigned long long
std::nullptr_t(下面详细介绍)
二、Template表达式内的空格
C++11标准之前建议在“在两个template表达式的闭符之间放一个空格”的要求已经过时了
例如:
vector<list<int> >; //C++11之前 vector<list<int>>; //C++11
三、nullptr
C++11允许你使用nullptr取代0或NULL,用来表示一个pointer(指针)指向所谓的no value nullptr会被自动转换为各种pointer类型,但是不会被转换为任何证书类型
演示案例
1 void f(int); 2 void f(void*); 3 f(0); //调用f(int) 4 f(NULL); //如果NULL被视为0,那么调用的是f(int),可能与你的预期不符 5 f(nullptr); //调用f(void*)
四、std::nullptr_t
std::nullptr_t是一种基础数据类型,定义于<sctddef>中
std::nullptr_t定义的变量必须初始化
nullptr属于一种常量,它是属于std::nullptr_t数据类型的
演示案例
void f(int) { std::cout << "int" << std::endl; } void f(void*) { std::cout << "void*" << std::endl; } void f(std::nullptr_t) { std::cout << "std::nullptr_t" << std::endl; } int main(){ f(0); f(NULL); f(nullptr); //必须初始化 std::nullptr_t t = nullptr; f(t); return 0; }
除了每个容器有自己的迭代器之外,标准库在头文件iterator中还定义了额外几种迭代器
这些迭代器包括:
插入迭代器(insert iterator):这些迭代器被绑定到一个容器上,可用来向容器插入元素
流迭代器(stream iterator):这些迭代器被绑定到输入或输出流上,可用来遍历所有关联的IO流
反向迭代器(reverse iterator):这些迭代器向后而不是向前移动。除了forward_list容器之外的标准库容器都有反向迭代器
移动迭代器(move iterator):这些专门的迭代器不是拷贝其中的元素,而是移动它们
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