修改表结构:
1.增加列(字段)
alter table employee add name varchar(20) not null unique first username;
2.修改一列类型:
alter table employee modify age int after id;
3.修改列名:
alter table employee change age Age int default 28 first;
表记录之增删改:
1.增加一条记录:
insert into employee(id,name,birthday,salary) values(1,'yuan','1990-09-09',9000);
或者
insert into employee values(1,'yuan','1990-09-09',9000);
或者
insert into employee_new (name,salary) values ('xialv',1000);
或者多条
insert into employee_new values (4,'alvin1','1993-04-20',3000),(5,'alvin2','1995-05-12',5000);
2.修改表记录:
UPDATE语法可以用新值更新原有表行中的各列。SET子句指示要修改哪些列和要给予哪些值。
WHERE子句指定应更新哪些行。如没有WHERE子句,则更新所有的行
update employee set birthday='1989-10-24' where id=1
update employee_new set salary=salary+4000 where name='yuan';
3.删除表记录:
如果不跟where语句则删除整张表中的数据
delete只能用来删除一行记录
delete语句只能删除表中的内容,不能删除表本身,想要删除表,用drop
TRUNCATE TABLE也可以删除表中的所有数据,词语句首先摧毁表,再新建表。此种方式删除的数据不能在
事务中恢复
delete from employee where name='alex';
删除所有记录:
delete from employee;
TRUNCATE table employee;
表记录之查:
-- 准备表
CREATE TABLE ExamResult(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
name VARCHAR (20),
JS DOUBLE ,
Django DOUBLE ,
OpenStack DOUBLE
);
INSERT INTO ExamResult VALUES (1,"yuan",98,98,98),
(2,"xialv",35,98,67),
(3,"alex",59,59,62),
(4,"wusir",88,89,82),
(5,"alvin",88,98,67),
(6,"yuan",86,100,55);
1.过滤掉表中的重复数据
select distinct JS,name from ExamResult;
2.使用where,进行过滤查询
select * from ExamResult where name='yuan';
注:
如果是%则表示任意多字符,此例如唐僧,唐国强
如果是_则表示一个字符唐_,只有唐僧符合。两个_则表示两个字符:__
select * from ExamResult where name like'王%';
3.order by 指定排序的列
ASC升序,desc降序,其中ASC为默认值
select * from ExamResult order by JS;
4.group by 分组查询
注意,按分组条件分组后每一组只会显示第一条记录,
group by字句,其后可以接多个列名,也可以跟having子句,对group by 的结果进行筛选
select class,SUM(price)from order_menu group by class HAVING SUM(price)>150;
having 和 where两者都可以对查询结果进行进一步的过滤,差别有:
<1>where语句只能用在分组之前的筛选,having可以用在分组之后的筛选;
<2>使用where语句的地方都可以用having进行替换
<3>having中可以用聚合函数,where中就不行
-- GROUP_CONCAT() 函数
SELECT id,GROUP_CONCAT(name),GROUP_CONCAT(JS) from ExamResult GROUP BY id;
mysql> select * from aa;
+------+------+
| id| name |
+------+------+
|1 | 10|
|1 | 20|
|1 | 20|
|2 | 20|
|3 | 200 |
|3 | 500 |
+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
以id分组,把name字段的值打印在一行,逗号分隔(默认)
mysql> select id,group_concat(name) from aa group by id;
+------+--------------------+
| id| group_concat(name) |
+------+--------------------+
|1 | 10,20,20|
|2 | 20 |
|3 | 200,500|
+------+--------------------+
聚合函数: 先不要管聚合函数要干嘛,先把要求的内容查出来再包上聚合函数即可。
--(一般和分组查询配合使用)
-- (7) 重点:Select from where group by having order by
-- Mysql在执行sql语句时的执行顺序:
-- from where select group by having order by
-- 分析:
select JS as JS成绩 from ExamResult where JS成绩 >70; ---- 不成功
select JS as JS成绩 from ExamResult having JS成绩 >90; --- 成功
-- (8) limit
SELECT * from ExamResult limit 1;
SELECT * from ExamResult limit 2,5;--跳过前两条显示接下来的五条纪录
SELECT * from ExamResult limit 2,2;
--- (9) 使用正则表达式查询
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP '^yu';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'yun$';
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_name REGEXP 'm{2}';
多表查询:
create table employee(
emp_id int auto_increment primary key not null,
emp_name varchar(50),
age int,
dept_id int
);
insert into employee(emp_name,age,dept_id) values
('A',19,200),
('B',26,201),
('C',30,201),
('D',24,202),
('E',20,200),
('F',38,204);
create table department(
dept_id int,
dept_name varchar(100)
);
insert into department values
(200,'人事部'),
(201,'技术部'),
(202,'销售部'),
(203,'财政部');
mysql> select * from employee;
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
mysql> select * from department;
+---------+-----------+
| dept_id | dept_name |
+---------+-----------+
| 200 | 人事部 |
| 201 | 技术部 |
| 202 | 销售部 |
| 203 | 财政部 |
+---------+-----------+
多表查询之连接查询
1.笛卡尔积查询
mysql> SELECT * FROM employee,department;
-- select employee.emp_id,employee.emp_name,employee.age,
-- department.dept_name from employee,department;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 203 | 财政部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 203 | 财政部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 203 | 财政部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 203 | 财政部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 203 | 财政部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | 203 | 财政部 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
2.内连接
-- 查询两张表中都有的关联数据,相当于利用条件从笛卡尔积结果中筛选出了正确的结果。
select * from employee,department where employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
--select * from employee inner join department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
3.外连接
--(1)左外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的结果
select * from employee left join department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
--(2)右外连接:在内连接的基础上增加右边有左边没有的结果
select * from employee RIGHT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 财政部 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
--(3)全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果
-- mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
-- mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from employee RIGHT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
UNION
select * from employee LEFT JOIN department on employee.dept_id = department.dept_id;
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id | dept_id | dept_name |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 | 201 | 技术部 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 | 202 | 销售部 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 | 200 | 人事部 |
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 203 | 财政部 |
| 6 | F | 38 | 204 | NULL | NULL |
+--------+----------+------+---------+---------+-----------+
-- 注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录
多表查询之复合条件连接查询
-- 查询员工年龄大于等于25岁的部门
SELECT DISTINCT department.dept_name
FROM employee,department
WHERE employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
AND age>25;
--以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.emp_id,employee.emp_name,employee.age,department.dept_name
from employee,department
where employee.dept_id = department.dept_id
order by age asc;
多表查询之子查询
-- 子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
-- 内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
-- 子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
-- 还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等
-- 1. 带IN关键字的子查询
---查询employee表,但dept_id必须在department表中出现过
select * from employee
where dept_id IN
(select dept_id from department);
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| emp_id | emp_name | age | dept_id |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
| 1 | A | 19 | 200 |
| 2 | B | 26 | 201 |
| 3 | C | 30 | 201 |
| 4 | D | 24 | 202 |
| 5 | E | 20 | 200 |
+--------+----------+------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
-- 2. 带比较运算符的子查询
-- =、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>
-- 查询员工年龄大于等于25岁的部门
select dept_id,dept_name from department
where dept_id IN
(select DISTINCT dept_id from employee where age>=25);
-- 3. 带EXISTS关键字的子查询
-- EXISTS关字键字表示存在。在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。
-- 而是返回一个真假值。Ture或False
-- 当返回Ture时,外层查询语句将进行查询;当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询
select * from employee
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT dept_name from department where dept_id=203);
--department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
select * from employee
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT dept_name from department where dept_id=205);
-- Empty set (0.00 sec)
ps: create table t1(select * from t2);
SQL拾遗
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转载自blog.csdn.net/weixin_42224488/article/details/114046804
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