1.前言
前几天搭了个lamp架构,不尽详细,故重新搭一个
2.lamp简介
LAMP即 Linux + Apache +Mysql/MariaDB + Php/Perl/Python
是一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件,除Linux外其它各部件本身都是各自独立的程序,但是因为经常被放在一起使用,拥有了越来越高的兼容度,共同组成了一个强大的Web应用程序平台。
LAMP指的是Linux(操作系统)、Apache(HTTP服务器)、MySQL(也指MariaDB,数据库软件)和PHP(有时也是指Perl或Python)的第一个字母,一般用来建立web应用平台。
3.工作流程
web服务器的资源分为两种,静态资源和动态资源
- 静态资源就是指静态内容,客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同。可以简单的理解为就是直接存储于文件系统中的资源
- 动态资源则通常是程序文件,需要在服务器执行之后,将执行的结果返回给客户端
浏览器向服务器发送http请求
服务器 (Apache) 接受请求
由于php作为Apache的组件模块也会一起启动,它们具有相同的生命周期。Apache会将一些静态资源保存,然后去调用php处理模块进行php脚本的处理。脚本处理完后,Apache将处理完的信息通过http response的方式发送给浏览器,浏览器解析,渲染等一系列操作后呈现整个网页。
需要注意的是:
1.httpd服务器(即apache)和php服务器通过FastCGI协议进行通信,且php作为独立的服务进程运行
2.php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进行通信。php与mysql本没有什么联系,但是由Php语言写成的程序可以与mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互
3.1cgi与fastcgi
CGI(Common Gateway Interface,通用网关接口),CGI是外部应用程序(CGI程序)与WEB服务器之间的接口标准,是在CGI程序和Web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许Web服务器执行外部程序,并将它们的输出发送给Web浏览器,CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体。
FastCGI(Fast Common Gateway Interface)是CGI的改良版,CGI是通过启用一个解释器进程来处理每个请求,耗时且耗资源,而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求,即启动一个master主进程,然后根据配置启动几个worker进程,当请求进来时,master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求,这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时
3.2httpd与php结合的方式
httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种:
modules:php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在,需要加载动态资源时,httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资
httpd prefork:libphp5.so(多进程模型的php)。<so在Linux里面叫库文件,简称类库。在Windows里面有一种叫dll的,叫动态链接图>
httpd event or worker:libphp5-zts.so(线程模型的php)
CGI:httpd需要加载动态资源时,通过CGI与php解释器联系,获得php执行的结果,此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
FastCGI:利用php-fpm机制,启动为服务进程,php自行运行为一个服务,https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI方式,FastCGI更为常用,很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源
4.步骤
4.1 环境介绍
安装顺序:
- apache
- mysql
- php
系统 | 要求 | 软件版本 |
---|---|---|
centos 8 | 能ping通外网,yum源可用 | Apache/2.4.49\mysql/5.7.34\php/7.4.24 |
进入src
4.2具体步骤
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/src/
编译安装apache
[root@localhost src]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/httpd/httpd-2.4.49.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# wget https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/apache/apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf httpd-2.4.49.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.gz
[root@localhost src]# tar xf apr-1.7.0.tar.gz
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# vim configure
$RM "$cfgfile" 将此行加上注释,或者删除此行
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# yum -y install https://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/epel-release-latest-8.noarch.rpm
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# yum -y groups mark install 'Development Tools'
创建apache服务的用户和组
[root@localhost src]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin apache
[root@localhost src]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool gcc gcc-c++ make
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-1.7.0]# make && make install
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr
[root@localhost apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.49]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache \
--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 \
--enable-so \
--enable-ssl \
--enable-cgi \
--enable-rewrite \
--with-zlib \
--with-pcre \
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr \
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ \
--enable-modules=most \
--enable-mpms-shared=all \
--with-mpm=prefork
[root@localhost httpd-2.4.49]# make && make install
配置环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man //添加此行
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
203 ServerName www.example.com:80 //取消此行注释
启动apache
[root@localhost ~]# apachectl start
配置开机自启
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/sshd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
[root@localhost ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
[Unit]
Description=Httpd server daemon
Documentation=man:httpd(8)
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start
ExecStop=/usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl stop
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now httpd
安装mysql
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
[root@localhost src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/p/23/file/mysql-5.7.34-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
创建用户和组
[root@localhost ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin mysql
解压软件至/usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.34-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
[root@localhost src]# cd /usr/local/
[root@localhost local]# mv mysql-5.7.34-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
修改属组
[root@localhost local]# chown -R mysql.mysql mysql/
添加环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/man_db.conf
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man //与前面一样把mysql加进去
[root@localhost ~]# ln -s /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/include/mysql/
写一个配置文件,声明库文件位置
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
/usr/local/mysql/lib
[root@localhost ~]# ldconfig
建立数据存放目录,更改属组
[root@localhost ~]# ldconfig
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir /opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /opt/data/
初始化数据库
[root@localhost ~]# mysqld --initialize-insecure --user mysql --datadir /opt/data
配置mysql
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
配置服务启动脚本
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server
46 basedir=/usr/local/mysql //告诉位置
47 datadir=/opt/data
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service
[root@localhost ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service
[Unit]
Description=mysql server daemon
After=network.target
[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server start
ExecStop=/usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server stop
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
启动mysql
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now mysqld.service
修改密码
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install ncurses-compat-libs
[root@localhost ~]# mysql
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.34 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> set password = password('1');
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
mysql> exit
Bye
安装php
[root@localhost ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libicu-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel openldap-devel pcre-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel php72-php-mysqlnd
下载php包到src
https://www.php.net/
[root@localhost src]# tar xf php-7.4.24.tar.xz
[root@localhost src]# cd php-7.4.24
[root@localhost php-7.4.24]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7 \
--with-config-file-path=/etc \
--enable-fpm \
--enable-inline-optimization \
--disable-debug \
--disable-rpath \
--enable-shared \
--enable-soap \
--with-openssl \
--enable-bcmath \
--with-iconv \
--with-bz2 \
--enable-calendar \
--with-curl \
--enable-exif \
--enable-ftp \
--with-gd \
--with-jpeg-dir \
--with-png-dir \
--with-zlib-dir \
--with-freetype-dir \
--with-gettext \
--enable-json \
--enable-mbstring \
--enable-pdo \
--with-mysqli=mysqlnd \
--with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd \
--with-readline \
--enable-shmop \
--enable-simplexml \
--enable-sockets \
--enable-zip \
--enable-mysqlnd-compression-support \
--with-pear \
--enable-pcntl \
--enable-posix
这一步出现问题可参考往期文章
[root@localhost php-7.4.24]# make && make install
安装后配置环境变量
[root@localhost ~]# echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/php8/bin:$PATH' > /etc/profile.d/php.sh
[root@localhost ~]# source /etc/profile.d/php.sh
配置php-fpm
[root@localhost php-7.4.24]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
cp:是否覆盖'/etc/php.ini'? y
[root@localhost php-7.4.24]# cd sapi/
[root@localhost sapi]# cp fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost sapi]# chmod +x /etc//init.d/php-fpm
[root@localhost php-7.4.24]# cd /usr/local/php8/
[root@localhost php8]# cd etc/
[root@localhost etc]# cp php-fpm.conf.default php-fpm.conf
[root@localhost etc]# cd php-fpm.d/
[root@localhost php-fpm.d]# cp www.conf.default www.conf
启动php-fpm
[root@localhost ~]# cp /usr/lib/systemd/system/mysqld.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/php-fpm.service
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable --now php-fpm
若端口没启动可用
[root@localhost ~]# service php-fpm start
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl //查看9000是否启动
配置apache代理模块
启用代理模块
在apache httpd 2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现,此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展,因此,这两个模块都要加载,编辑httpd.conf文件,取消以下两行内容的注释:
[root@localhost ~]# vim /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
119 #LoadModule remoteip_module modules/mod_remoteip.so
120 LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so // 取消注释
121 #LoadModule proxy_connect_module modules/mod_proxy_connect.so
122 #LoadModule proxy_ftp_module modules/mod_proxy_ftp.so
123 #LoadModule proxy_http_module modules/mod_proxy_http.so
124 LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so // 取消注释
125 #LoadModule proxy_scgi_module modules/mod_proxy_scgi.so
配置虚拟主机
创建虚拟主机目录并生成php测试页面
[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/local/apache/
[root@localhost apache]# cd htdocs/
[root@localhost htdocs]# mkdir zl
[root@localhost htdocs]# cat zl/index.php
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
[root@localhost apache]# chown -R apache.apache /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//在配置文件的最后加入以下内容
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/zl"
ServerName www.zl.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*\.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdocs/al/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/zl">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
/搜索AddType,添加以下内容
397 AddType application/x-compress .Z
398 AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
399 AddType application/x-httpd-php .php //添加此行
400 AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps //添加此行
260 <IfModule dir_module>
261 DirectoryIndex index.php index.html //加上index.php并放在html前面
262 </IfModule>
重启apache服务
[root@localhost apache]# systemctl restart httpd.service
关闭防火墙,selinux,
输入本机ip即可访问