bin(x:int)
In [9]: bin(-100)
Out[9]: '-0b1100100'
In [10]: f"{100:b}"
Out[10]: '1100100'
In [11]: f"{100:b}"
Out[11]: '1100100'
In [12]: f"{-100:b}"
Out[12]: '-1100100'
In [13]: f"{-100:#b}"
Out[13]: '-0b1100100'
chr ord
In [17]: ord("d")
Out[17]: 100
In [18]: chr(100)
Out[18]: 'd'
divmod(x:int, y:int)
In [20]: divmod(120, 11)
Out[20]: (10, 10)
eval
In [23]: x=1;eval("x+1")
Out[23]: 2
filter(function,iterable)
In [26]: list(filter(lambda x: x%2==0, range(10)))
Out[26]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
isinstance(object, classinfo) classinfo可能是抽象基类
Return true if the object argument is an instance of the classinfo argument, or of a (direct, indirect or virtual) subclass thereof. If object is not an object of the given type, the function always returns false. If classinfo is a tuple of type objects (or recursively, other such tuples), return true if object is an instance of any of the types. If classinfo is not a type or tuple of types and such tuples, a TypeError exception is raised.
In [27]: isinstance(100, (str, ))
Out[27]: False
In [28]: isinstance(100, (str, int))
Out[28]: True
issubclass(class, classinfo) classinfo可能是抽象基类
Return true if class is a subclass (direct, indirect or virtual) of classinfo. A class is considered a subclass of itself. classinfo may be a tuple of class objects, in which case every entry in classinfo will be checked. In any other case, a TypeError exception is raised.
In [32]: import collections
In [33]: issubclass(int, collections.abc.Hashable)
Out[33]: True
map(function, iterable)
In [38]: list(map(lambda x:x*2, range(10)))
Out[38]: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]
print(*objects, sep=’ ‘, end=’\n’, file=sys.stdout, flush=False)
property
class C:
def __init__(self):
self._x = None
@property
def x(self):
"""I'm the 'x' property."""
return self._x
@x.setter
def x(self, value):
self._x = value
@x.deleter
def x(self):
del self._x
vars([object])
Return the __dict__ attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with a __dict__ attribute.
Objects such as modules and instances have an updateable __dict__ attribute; however, other objects may have write restrictions on their __dict__ attributes (for example, classes use a types.MappingProxyType to prevent direct dictionary updates).
Without an argument, vars() acts like locals(). Note, the locals dictionary is only useful for reads since updates to the locals dictionary are ignored.