Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS amd64

Copyright (c) 2002-2017 NetSarang Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.

Type `help' to learn how to use Xshell prompt.
[c:\~]$ 

Connecting to 192.168.221.103:22...
Connection established.
To escape to local shell, press 'Ctrl+Alt+]'.

Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.13.0-36-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage

0 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.

New release '17.10' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.

查看 Ubuntu 版本、内核版本号

• lsb_release、cat /etc/issue 查看 Ubuntu 的版本号
• uname -r、uname -a 查看内核版本号

实操图示：

命令：

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ sudo lsb_release -a
No LSB modules are available.
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
Release:    16.04
Codename:   xenial
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ uname -r
4.13.0-36-generic
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ uname -a
Linux ubuntu 4.13.0-36-generic #40~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Feb 16 23:25:58 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ cat /etc/issue
Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS \n \l

zhouk@ubuntu:~$

对于以上命令行中，执行 $ sudo lsb_release -a 后出现 No LSB modules are available.，可能是需要安装 lsb-core

• $ sudo apt-get install lsb-core

测试：

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ sudo lsb_release -a
LSB Version:    core-9.20160110ubuntu0.2-amd64:core-9.20160110ubuntu0.2-noarch:security-9.20160110ubuntu0.2-amd64:security-9.20160110ubuntu0.2-noarch
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description:    Ubuntu 16.04.4 LTS
Release:    16.04
Codename:   xenial
zhouk@ubuntu:~$

sudo、apt 等含义

• sudo 是 superuser do 的简写。sudo 是 Linux 系统管理指令，是允许系统管理员让普通用户执行一些或者全部的 root命令的一个工具，如 sudo halt，sudo reboot，sudo su 等等。这样不仅减少了 root 用户的登陆 和管理时间，同样也提高了安全性。

• apt 是个很完整和先进的软件包管理程式，使用他能够让您，又简单，又准确的找到您要的的软件包， 并且安装或卸载都很简洁。 他还能够让您的任何软件都更新到最新状态，而且也能够用来对 ubuntu 进行升级。

~、/、$、# 等基础符号的含义：

zhouk@ubuntu:/$ cd home/
zhouk@ubuntu:/home$ ls
zhouk
zhouk@ubuntu:/home$ cd zhouk/
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ cd Documents/
zhouk@ubuntu:~/Documents$ sudo su
root@ubuntu:/home/zhouk/Documents# cd /
root@ubuntu:/# cd root/
root@ubuntu:~# 

其中：
zhouk@ubuntu、root@ubuntu 代表 当前登录用户@机器名

1. ~ 目录

   • root 用户的家目录是 /root
   • 普通 用户的家目录是 /home/用户名

2. / 目录（根目录）

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ cd /  #普通用户的 ~目录切换到 /目录
zhouk@ubuntu:/$ cd home/zhouk/  #普通用户的 /目录切换到 ~目录
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ 

zhouk@ubuntu:/$ sudo su
[sudo] password for zhouk: 
root@ubuntu:/# cd root/  #root用户的 /目录切换到 ~目录
root@ubuntu:~# cd /  # root用户的 ~目录切换到 /目录
root@ubuntu:/# 

命令提示符：

• # 是 root 权限下的命令提示符
• $ 是 普通用户 权限下的命令提示符

切换用户：

zhouk@localhost:~$ su root
Password: 
root@localhost:/home/zhouk# su zhouk
zhouk@localhost:~$ sudo su
root@localhost:/home/zhouk# 

AND

zhouk@localhost:~$ sudo su
[sudo] password for zhouk: 
root@localhost:/home/zhouk# su zhouk
zhouk@localhost:~$ 

创建、删除目录

• 创建 mkdir

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ mkdir --help
Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY...
Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
  -m, --mode=MODE   set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask
  -p, --parents     no error if existing, make parent directories as needed
  -v, --verbose     print a message for each created directory
  -Z                   set SELinux security context of each created directory
                         to the default type
      --context[=CTX]  like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux
                         or SMACK security context to CTX
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/mkdir>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) mkdir invocation'

分析：

mkdir
mkdir -m
mkdir -p
mkdir -v
mkdir -Z

• 删除

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ rm --help
Usage: rm [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Remove (unlink) the FILE(s).

  -f, --force           ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt
  -i                    prompt before every removal
  -I                    prompt once before removing more than three files, or
                          when removing recursively; less intrusive than -i,
                          while still giving protection against most mistakes
      --interactive[=WHEN]  prompt according to WHEN: never, once (-I), or
                          always (-i); without WHEN, prompt always
      --one-file-system  when removing a hierarchy recursively, skip any
                          directory that is on a file system different from
                          that of the corresponding command line argument
      --no-preserve-root  do not treat '/' specially
      --preserve-root   do not remove '/' (default)
  -r, -R, --recursive   remove directories and their contents recursively
  -d, --dir             remove empty directories
  -v, --verbose         explain what is being done
      --help     display this help and exit
      --version  output version information and exit

By default, rm does not remove directories.  Use the --recursive (-r or -R)
option to remove each listed directory, too, along with all of its contents.

To remove a file whose name starts with a '-', for example '-foo',
use one of these commands:
  rm -- -foo

  rm ./-foo

Note that if you use rm to remove a file, it might be possible to recover
some of its contents, given sufficient expertise and/or time.  For greater
assurance that the contents are truly unrecoverable, consider using shred.

GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Full documentation at: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/rm>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) rm invocation'

分析：

rm

示例：

zhouk@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ mkdir -v test
mkdir: created directory 'test'
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop    Downloads         Music     Public     test
Documents  examples.desktop  Pictures  Templates  Videos
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ cd test/
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ ls
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ mkdir -v t1 t2 t3
mkdir: created directory 't1'
mkdir: created directory 't2'
mkdir: created directory 't3'
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ ls
t1  t2  t3
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ rm -rf t1
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ ls
t2  t3
zhouk@ubuntu:~/test$ cd ..
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop    Downloads         Music     Public     test
Documents  examples.desktop  Pictures  Templates  Videos
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ rm -rf test
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop  Documents  Downloads  examples.desktop  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
zhouk@ubuntu:~$ 

软件管理：

• APT以及dpkg常见用法如下：
  
  • APT——Advanced Package Tool

• dpkg——package manager for Debian

• 从软件源中编译软件流程（适用于少量代码改动或者配置修改）