urlopen
- get类型的网页:
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com") print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
- post类型的网页:
import urllib.request import urllib.parse data=bytes(urllib.parse.urlencode({'word':'hello'}),encoding='utf-8') response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)#做http测试的网址 print(response.read())
-
超时
import urllib.request response = urllib.request.urlopen("http://httpbin.org/get",timeout=1) print(response.read())
import socket import urllib.request import urllib.error try: response=urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout=0.1) except urllib.error.URLError as e: if isinstance(e.reason,socket.timeout): print("TIME OUT")
响应
状态码、响应头
import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
response=urllib.request.urlopen('http://httpbin.org/get',timeout=0.1)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
if isinstance(e.reason,socket.timeout):
print("TIME OUT")
Request
-
import urllib.request request = urllib.request.Request('http://www.baidu.com') response = urllib.request.urlopen(request) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
from urllib import request,parse url = "http://httpbin.org/post" headers = { 'User-Agent':'Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE ;Windows NT)', 'Host':'httpbin.org' } dict = { 'name':'Germey' } data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict),encoding='utf-8') req = request.Request(url=url,data=data,headers=headers,method='POST') response = request.urlopen(req) print(response.read().decode('utf-8')) 也可以写成 from urllib import request,parse url = "http://httpbin.org/post" dict = { 'name':'Germey' } data = bytes(parse.urlencode(dict),encoding='utf-8') req = request.Request(url=url,data=data,method='POST') req.add_header( 'User-Agent','Mozilla/4.0(compatible;MSIE ;Windows NT)') response = request.urlopen(req) print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
Handler
- 代理
import urllib.request proxy_handler = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({ 'http':'http://127.0.0.1:9743', 'https':'https://127.0.0.1:9743' #代理网址 }) opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_handler) response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com") print(response.read())
cookie(检查-application)
import http.cookiejar,urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.CookieJar()
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener =urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
for item in cookie:
print(item.name+"="+item.value)
存储
import http.cookiejar,urllib.request
filename = 'cookie.txt'
cookie =http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(filename)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener =urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
cookie.save(ignore_discard=True,ignore_expires=True)
读取
import http.cookiejar,urllib.request
cookie = http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar()
cookie.load('cookie.txt',ignore_discard=True,ignore_expires=True)
handler = urllib.request.HTTPCookieProcessor(cookie)
opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)
response = opener.open("http://www.baidu.com")
print(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
异常处理
from urllib import request,error
try:
response = request.urlopen("http://www.cuiqingcai.com/index.htm")
except error.URLError as e:
print(e.reason)
好的写法:
from urllib import request,error
try:
response = request.urlopen("http://cuiqingcai.com/index.htm")
except error.HTTPError as e: #先捕捉子类异常
print(e.reason,e.code,e.headers,sep='\n')
except error.URLError as e: #后捕捉父类异常
print(e.reason)
else :
print("Request Successfully")
import socket
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.baidu.com',timeout=0.01)
except urllib.error.URLError as e:
print(type(e.reason))
if isinstance(e.reason,socket.timeout):
print("TIME OUT")
URL解析
- urlparse
from urllib.parse import urlparse result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment') result = urlparse('www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment',scheme='https')# scheme为https result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment',scheme='https') #scheme仍为http result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html;user?id=5#comment',allow_fragments=False)# fragment会拼接到query上 result = urlparse('http://www.baidu.com/index.html#comment',allow_fragments=False)# fragment会拼接到params上 print(type(result),result)
-
urlunparse
from urllib.parse import urlunparse data = ['http','www.baidu.com','index.html','user','a=6','comment'] print(urlunparse(data))
-
urljoin
from urllib.parse import urljoin print(urljoin('http://www.baidu.com','FAQ.html'))#此类可以连接,如果两个都是http(s)开头那么会覆盖
-
urlencode
from urllib.parse import urlencode params = { 'name':'gemey', 'age':22 } base_url = "http://www.baidu.com?" url = base_url + urlencode(params) print(url)