补充知识-路由系统(URL)
URL传递额外的参数
在url.py里,除了默认会传一个request给处理函数,还可以传递额外的参数,把一个字典作为第三个参数传入,之后就可以在处理函数里取到对应的值:
from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path('index/', views.index, {'foo': 'bar'}), ]
处理函数views.py:
from django.shortcuts import HttpResponse def index(request, foo): return HttpResponse(foo)
命名空间
做路由分发的时候,可以把两条路由指向同一个app,像这样:
在day21的urls.py中
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,include urlpatterns = [ path('admin/', admin.site.urls), path('app01/', include("app01.urls",namespace="app01")), path('app/', include("app01.urls",namespace="app")), ]
app01\urls.py
from django.urls import path from app01 import views app_name = "app01"
urlpatterns = [ path('index1/', views.index1,name='index1'), path('home1/', views.home1,name='home1'), ]
这里的 include() 里多了一个参数 namespace
现在我们访问网页发现访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/app01/index1/ 和 http://127.0.0.1:8000/app/index1/ 页面效果,
这里就需要我们做路由分发,以区分。这里是从views反向查找的时候会用到
这里之前出来了一个大坑:
在app01里面的urls.py中少了一行代码,造成一直报错
File "D:\Python34\lib\site-packages\django\urls\conf.py", line 39, in include 'Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an app_name ' django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Specifying a namespace in include() without providing an app_name is not supported. Set the app_name attribute in t he included module, or pass a 2-tuple containing the list of patterns and app_na me instead.
解决办法
在app01/urls.py中增加
app_name = "app01"
下面是在处理函数 views.py 以及html页面文件处理路由的问题
def home1(request): v = reverse('app01:home1') # 这个v就是请求的路由,app01为命名空间 /app01/home1/ return HttpResponse(v)
HTML中处理为
<div>{% url 'app01:index1' %}</div> //app01:index1 命名空间:url名字
查看请求的其他信息
用户发来请求的时候,不仅有数据,还有请求头
所有的信息都封装在了request这个对象里,现在就把他们找出来。先用下面的处理函数打印出request这个对象:
def index1(request): print(type(request)) return HttpResponse("OK")
打印结果如下:
<class 'django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIRequest'>
我们导入上面的模块
from django.core.handlers.wsgi import WSGIRequest
按住ctrl,并点击WSGIRequest,可以看到一个参数,现在我们打印这个参数看看
print(request.environ)
结果为:
{'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'APPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\ZYP\\AppData\\Roaming', 'ASL.LOG': 'Destination=file', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Common Files',
'COMMONPROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Common Files', 'COMMONPROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'COMPUTERNAME': 'ZYP-PC', 'COMSPEC': 'C:\\windows\\system32\\cmd.exe',
'DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE': 'day21.settings', 'ERLANG_HOME': 'd:\\Program Files\\erl9.3', 'FP_NO_HOST_CHECK': 'NO', 'HOMEDRIVE': 'C:', 'HOMEPATH': '\\Users\\ZYP',
'IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS': '-Xrunjvmhook -Xbootclasspath/a:D:\\HP\\QUICKT~1\\bin\\JAVA_S~1\\classes;D:\\HP\\QUICKT~1\\bin\\JAVA_S~1\\classes\\jasmine.jar', 'JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS': '-agentlib:jvmhook',
'LOCALAPPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\ZYP\\AppData\\Local', 'LOGONSERVER': '\\\\ZYP-PC', 'LSERVRC': 'C:\\ProgramData\\HP\\Functional testing\\License\\lservrc',
'MOZ_PLUGIN_PATH': 'D:\\software\\foxit reader\\Foxit Reader Plus\\plugins\\', 'MSJAVA_ENABLE_MONITORS': '1', 'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS': '4', 'OS': 'Windows_NT',
'PATH': 'C:\\windows\\system32;C:\\windows;C:\\windows\\System32\\Wbem;C:\\windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Intel\\OpenCL SDK\\2.0\\bin\\x86;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Intel\\OpenCL SDK\\2.0\\bin\\x64;D:\\HP\\QuickTest Professional\\bin;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Calibre2\\;C:\\driver;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\SecureCRT;D:\\Python\\Python36-32\\Scripts;"C:\\Program Files\\JetBrains\\PyCharm 2018.1.4\\bin\\pycharm64.exe";C:\\Program Files\\MySQL\\MySQL Server 8.0\\bin;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Git\\cmd;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\IDM Computer Solutions\\UltraEdit;C:\\Program Files\\IDM Computer Solutions\\UltraCompare;D:\\Python\\Python36-32\\Scripts;D:\\Python\\Python36-32\\Scripts\\;D:\\Python\\Python36-32\\;C:\\Users\\ZYP\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Fiddler',
'PATHEXT': '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE': 'x86', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITEW6432': 'AMD64', 'PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER': 'Intel64 Family 6 Model 42 Stepping 7, GenuineIntel',
'PROCESSOR_LEVEL': '6', 'PROCESSOR_REVISION': '2a07', 'PROGRAMDATA': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'PROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'PROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'PROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files',
'PSMODULEPATH': 'C:\\windows\\system32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\Modules\\', 'PUBLIC': 'C:\\Users\\Public', 'PYCHARM_HOSTED': '1', 'PYCHARM_MATPLOTLIB_PORT': '55790', 'PYTHONIOENCODING': 'UTF-8',
'PYTHONPATH': 'C:\\Program Files\\JetBrains\\PyCharm 2018.2.4\\helpers\\pycharm_matplotlib_backend;C:\\Users\\ZYP\\PycharmProjects\\day21', 'PYTHONUNBUFFERED': '1', 'SESSIONNAME': 'Console',
'SYSTEMDRIVE': 'C:', 'SYSTEMROOT': 'C:\\windows', 'TEMP': 'C:\\Users\\ZYP\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'TMP': 'C:\\Users\\ZYP\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'USERDOMAIN': 'ZYP-PC', 'USERNAME': 'ZYP',
'USERPROFILE': 'C:\\Users\\ZYP', 'WINDIR': 'C:\\windows', 'WINDOWS_TRACING_FLAGS': '3', 'WINDOWS_TRACING_LOGFILE': 'C:\\BVTBin\\Tests\\installpackage\\csilogfile.log', '_CLASSLOAD_HOOK': 'jvmhook',
'_JAVA_OPTIONS': '-Xrunjvmhook -Xbootclasspath/a:D:\\HP\\QUICKT~1\\bin\\JAVA_S~1\\classes;D:\\HP\\QUICKT~1\\bin\\JAVA_S~1\\classes\\jasmine.jar', 'RUN_MAIN': 'true', 'SERVER_NAME': 'genuine.microsoft.com',
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE': 'CGI/1.1', 'SERVER_PORT': '8000', 'REMOTE_HOST': '', 'CONTENT_LENGTH': '', 'SCRIPT_NAME': '', 'SERVER_PROTOCOL': 'HTTP/1.1', 'SERVER_SOFTWARE': 'WSGIServer/0.2', 'REQUEST_METHOD': 'GET',
'PATH_INFO': '/app01/index1/', 'QUERY_STRING': '', 'REMOTE_ADDR': '127.0.0.1', 'CONTENT_TYPE': 'text/plain', 'HTTP_HOST': '127.0.0.1:8000', 'HTTP_USER_AGENT': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:64.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/64.0',
'HTTP_ACCEPT': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE': 'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2', 'HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING': 'gzip, deflate', 'HTTP_DNT': '1', 'HTTP_CONNECTION': 'keep-alive',
'HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS': '1', 'HTTP_PRAGMA': 'no-cache', 'HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL': 'no-cache', 'wsgi.input': <_io.BufferedReader name=168>, 'wsgi.errors': <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'>, 'wsgi.version': (1, 0),
'wsgi.run_once': False, 'wsgi.url_scheme': 'http', 'wsgi.multithread': True, 'wsgi.multiprocess': False, 'wsgi.file_wrapper': <class 'wsgiref.util.FileWrapper'>}
字典的输出形式为
for i ,j in request.environ.items(): print(i,j)
结果为:
ALLUSERSPROFILE C:\ProgramData APPDATA C:\Users\ZYP\AppData\Roaming ASL.LOG Destination=file COMMONPROGRAMFILES C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files COMMONPROGRAMFILES(X86) C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files COMMONPROGRAMW6432 C:\Program Files\Common Files COMPUTERNAME ZYP-PC COMSPEC C:\windows\system32\cmd.exe DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE day21.settings ERLANG_HOME d:\Program Files\erl9.3 FP_NO_HOST_CHECK NO HOMEDRIVE C: HOMEPATH \Users\ZYP IBM_JAVA_OPTIONS -Xrunjvmhook -Xbootclasspath/a:D:\HP\QUICKT~1\bin\JAVA_S~1\classes;D:\HP\QUICKT~1\bin\JAVA_S~1\classes\jasmine.jar JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS -agentlib:jvmhook LOCALAPPDATA C:\Users\ZYP\AppData\Local LOGONSERVER \\ZYP-PC LSERVRC C:\ProgramData\HP\Functional testing\License\lservrc MOZ_PLUGIN_PATH D:\software\foxit reader\Foxit Reader Plus\plugins\ MSJAVA_ENABLE_MONITORS 1 NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS 4 OS Windows_NT PATH C:\windows\system32;C:\windows;C:\windows\System32\Wbem;C:\windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\OpenCL SDK\2.0\bin\x86;C:\Program Files (x86)\Intel\OpenCL SDK\2.0\bin\x64;D:\HP\QuickTest Professional\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\Calibre2\;C:\driver;C:\Program Files (x86)\SecureCRT;D:\Python\Python36-32\Scripts;"C:\Program Files\JetBrains\PyCharm 2018.1.4\bin\pycharm64.exe";C:\Program Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 8.0\bin;C:\Program Files (x86)\Git\cmd;C:\Program Files (x86)\IDM Computer Solutions\UltraEdit;C:\Program Files\IDM Computer Solutions\UltraCompare;D:\Python\Python36-32\Scripts;D:\Python\Python36-32\Scripts\;D:\Python\Python36-32\;C:\Users\ZYP\AppData\Local\Programs\Fiddler PATHEXT .COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE x86 PROCESSOR_ARCHITEW6432 AMD64 PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER Intel64 Family 6 Model 42 Stepping 7, GenuineIntel PROCESSOR_LEVEL 6 PROCESSOR_REVISION 2a07 PROGRAMDATA C:\ProgramData PROGRAMFILES C:\Program Files (x86) PROGRAMFILES(X86) C:\Program Files (x86) PROGRAMW6432 C:\Program Files PSMODULEPATH C:\windows\system32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\Modules\ PUBLIC C:\Users\Public PYCHARM_HOSTED 1 PYCHARM_MATPLOTLIB_PORT 55790 PYTHONIOENCODING UTF-8 PYTHONPATH C:\Program Files\JetBrains\PyCharm 2018.2.4\helpers\pycharm_matplotlib_backend;C:\Users\ZYP\PycharmProjects\day21 PYTHONUNBUFFERED 1 SESSIONNAME Console SYSTEMDRIVE C: SYSTEMROOT C:\windows TEMP C:\Users\ZYP\AppData\Local\Temp TMP C:\Users\ZYP\AppData\Local\Temp USERDOMAIN ZYP-PC USERNAME ZYP USERPROFILE C:\Users\ZYP WINDIR C:\windows WINDOWS_TRACING_FLAGS 3 WINDOWS_TRACING_LOGFILE C:\BVTBin\Tests\installpackage\csilogfile.log _CLASSLOAD_HOOK jvmhook _JAVA_OPTIONS -Xrunjvmhook -Xbootclasspath/a:D:\HP\QUICKT~1\bin\JAVA_S~1\classes;D:\HP\QUICKT~1\bin\JAVA_S~1\classes\jasmine.jar RUN_MAIN true SERVER_NAME genuine.microsoft.com GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1 SERVER_PORT 8000 REMOTE_HOST CONTENT_LENGTH SCRIPT_NAME SERVER_PROTOCOL HTTP/1.1 SERVER_SOFTWARE WSGIServer/0.2 REQUEST_METHOD GET PATH_INFO /app01/index1/ QUERY_STRING REMOTE_ADDR 127.0.0.1 CONTENT_TYPE text/plain HTTP_HOST 127.0.0.1:8000 HTTP_USER_AGENT Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:64.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/64.0 HTTP_ACCEPT text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,zh-TW;q=0.7,zh-HK;q=0.5,en-US;q=0.3,en;q=0.2 HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING gzip, deflate HTTP_DNT 1 HTTP_CONNECTION keep-alive HTTP_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS 1 HTTP_PRAGMA no-cache HTTP_CACHE_CONTROL no-cache wsgi.input <_io.BufferedReader name=168> wsgi.errors <_io.TextIOWrapper name='<stderr>' mode='w' encoding='UTF-8'> wsgi.version (1, 0) wsgi.run_once False wsgi.url_scheme http wsgi.multithread True wsgi.multiprocess False wsgi.file_wrapper <class 'wsgiref.util.FileWrapper'>
其中 HTTP_USER_AGENT 通过这个信息可以知道用户是用什么终端发来的请求,可以知道用户用的是iPhong还是用安卓系统。还可以判断用户是手机端就发回给一个手机端的页面。如果是PC端就返回一个PC端的页面。这是一个字典,用 request.environ['HTTP_USER_AGENT']
就可以获取到这个信息了
上面的输出有这个内容,这里我们再打印出来看下
print(request.environ['HTTP_USER_AGENT'])
结果为:
HTTP_USER_AGENT Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; rv:64.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/64.0
模板的继承-extends
方法:
将要改变的内容用black包起来,不动的部分继承模板即可
先写一个模板
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>{% block title %} 这里表示标签可变{% endblock %}</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/comments.css"></link> {% block css %} 这里既可以继承模板的css,也可定义自己的css{% endblock %} </head> <body> <div class="head">后台管理系统</div> <div class="left"> <a class="menu" href="/ORM/user_info/">用户管理</a> <a class="menu" href="/ORM/user_group/">用户组管理</a> </div> <div class="right"> {% block content %} <span>这里编写变化的内容</span> {% endblock %} </div> <script src="/static/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script> {% block js %} 这里既可以继承模板的js,也可定义自己的js{% endblock %} </body> </html>
现在我们来写第一个继承模板的页面
先要声明是继承那个模板
然后定义自己的内容,标题,等信息
{% extends 'demo.html' %}
user_info.html页面
{% extends 'demo.html' %}
{% block title %}用户信息{% endblock %}
{% block content %}
<p>用户信息</p>
{% for i,j in dic.items %}
<p>{{ i }}:{{ j }}</p>
<p>{{ dic.username }}</p>
{% endfor %}
{% endblock %}
注意css(style标签)和js(script标签),一般也都会需要追加css样式和js。css就接在模板的css后面写,js就还是写在最后的位置,如果有jQuery,必须要在导入jQuery静态文件的后面。
只能继承一个模板,不能继承多个。
模板的导入-include
先写个tag.html
<form> <input type="text" /> <input type="submit" /> </form>
然后我们在user_info.html中使用include
{% extends 'demo.html' %} {% block title %}用户信息{% endblock %} {% block content %} <p>用户信息</p> {% for i,j in dic.items %} <p>{{ i }}:{{ j }}</p> <p>{{ dic.username }}</p> {% endfor %} {% include "tag.html" %} {% include "tag.html" %} {% endblock %}
上面的例子中看到了,模板的导入可以导入多次的。实际的应用中可能会结合模板语言的for循环,每条数据都通过这个组件渲染然后输出到页面。