在 Python语言中,有一个微信接口模块itchat,可以用来实现微信的一些功能,本主题专门使用itchat来实现一些应用:
掌握iChat的API结构;
应用iChat的API实现用户需求;
前提:安装iChat模块
> pip install itchat
安装过程截图:
Python3.6版本下,itchat模块安装过程
一、itchat的API结构
使用dir函数可以获取itchat中的API信息;
代码:
import itchat print(dir(itchat))
上述代码在python交互编程模式下,与ipython中都可以使用。
获取的API信息如下(从ipython中拷贝的):
['Core', 'VERSION', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__path__', '__spec__', '__version__', 'add_friend', 'add_member_into_chatroom', 'auto_login', 'check_login', 'components', 'config', 'configured_reply', 'content', 'core', 'create_chatroom', 'delete_member_from_chatroom', 'dump_login_status', 'get_QR', 'get_QRuuid', 'get_chatrooms', 'get_contact', 'get_friends', 'get_head_img', 'get_mps', 'get_msg', 'instanceList', 'load_login_status', 'log', 'login', 'logout', 'msg_register', 'new_instance', 'originInstance', 'returnvalues', 'revoke', 'run', 'search_chatrooms', 'search_friends', 'search_mps', 'send', 'send_file', 'send_image', 'send_msg', 'send_raw_msg', 'send_video', 'set_alias', 'set_chatroom_name', 'set_logging', 'set_pinned', 'show_mobile_login', 'start_receiving', 'storage', 'update_chatroom', 'update_friend', 'upload_file', 'utils', 'web_init']
根据字面意思,大致也知道上述函数的作用,具体的使用可以使用help函数获取。代码如下:
help(itchat.login)
或者
![](/qrcode.jpg)
help('itchat.login')
获取的帮助结果如下:
Help on method login in module itchat.components.login:
login(enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback=None, exitCallback=None) method of itchat.core.Core instance
帮助输出截图
二、itchat的使用
1. 登录/登出
(1)登录函数
def login(self, enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback =None, exitCallback=None):log in like web wechat does for log in - a QR code will be downloaded and opened - then scanning status is logged, it paused for you confirm - finally it logged in and show your nickName for options - enableCmdQR: show qrcode in command line - integers can be used to fit strange char length - picDir: place for storing qrcode - qrCallback: method that should accept uuid, status, qrcode - loginCallback: callback after successfully logged in - if not set, screen is cleared and qrcode is deleted - exitCallback: callback after logged out - it contains calling of logout for usage ..code::python import itchat itchat.login() it is defined in components/login.py and of course every single move in login can be called outside you may scan source code to see how - and modified according to your own demand
使用代码
#coding=utf-8import itchatitchat.login()
login函数执行过程中会产生一个二维码图片,more存放在login运行的当前工作目录,并且使用工具打开。
login登录运行过程
在用户使用手机扫描登录前,login处于阻塞状态;等扫描登录完成,会提示登录成功。登录成功后的输出:
登录成功后的输出截图
通过设置qrCallback与loginCallback可以控制登录过程,比如使用定制二维码显示,以及登录成功后的一些定制处理。qrCallback回调在长时间没有登录的情况,会被反复调用。
同时还可以使用命令行显示二维码,命令行模式下qrCallback参数设置后无效,在命令行(或者控制台)显示二维码注意:enableCmdQR参数可以设置为True或者False,也可以是整数,整数也是True,但可以指定二维码显示的宽度,某些平台下控制台一个字符占用2个字符,可以设置为2,这样二维码显示才会正常,否则显示不是太正常。
代码:
#命令行模式itchat.login(enableCmdQR=2,loginCallback=login_cb)
效果:
命令行二维码
可以将enableCmdQR赋值为负值改变命令行二维码的背景与前景色。
还有一个auto_login函数也可以实现自动登录,该函数的声明如下:马哥教育官网-专业Linux云计算培训、Python人工智能培训机构
auto_login(hotReload=False, statusStorageDir='itchat.pkl', enableCmdQR=False, picDir=None, qrCallback=None, loginCallback=None, exitCallback=None)
第一个参数是掉线后,短时间内登录,不扫描二维码。
(2)登出函数
def logout(self): ''' logout if core is now alive logout will tell wechat backstage to logout and core gets ready for another login it is defined in components/login.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(3)登录状态检测
def check_login(self, uuid=None): ''' check login status for options: - uuid: if uuid is not set, latest uuid you fetched will be used for return values: - a string will be returned - for meaning of return values - 200: log in successfully - 201: waiting for press confirm - 408: uuid timed out - 0 : unknown error for processing: - syncUrl and fileUrl is set - BaseRequest is set blocks until reaches any of above status it is defined in components/login.py '''
如果uuid参数为None,默认是最后一次登录的uuid。
2. 信息获取
与操作文件系统一样,登录后,就是微信信息获取,主要是好友信息,群信息,公众号信息等。
好友、群聊、公众号信息提供常见的操作函数:
#函数类型说明1 get_XXX 获取2 update_XXX 更新3 search_XXX 搜索4 add_XXX 添加5 delete_XXX 删除6 set_XXX 修改
下面我们仅仅列出get_XXXX相关的函数声明。
(1)get_contact获取群聊信息
get_contact与get_chatrooms作用一样。
def get_contact(self, update=False): ''' fetch part of contact for part - all the massive platforms and friends are fetched - if update, only starred chatrooms are fetched for options - update: if not set, local value will be returned for results - chatroomList will be returned it is defined in components/contact.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(2)get_friends获取好友
def get_friends(self, update=False): ''' fetch friends list for options - update: if not set, local value will be returned for results - a list of friends' info dicts will be returned it is defined in components/contact.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(3)get_chatrooms获取群聊
def get_chatrooms(self, update=False, contactOnly=False): ''' fetch chatrooms list for options - update: if not set, local value will be returned - contactOnly: if set, only starred chatrooms will be returned for results - a list of chatrooms' info dicts will be returned it is defined in components/contact.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(4)get_mps获取公众号
def get_mps(self, update=False): ''' fetch massive platforms list for options - update: if not set, local value will be returned for results - a list of platforms' info dicts will be returned it is defined in components/contact.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(5)获取好友,群聊、公众号的例子
#coding=utf-8 import itchat from itchat.storage.templates import ContactList itchat.auto_login() print(itchat.get_contact()) print(itchat.get_chatrooms()) print(itchat.get_friends()) print(itchat.get_mps()) print(type(itchat.get_contact())) print(type(itchat.get_chatrooms())) print(type(itchat.get_friends())) print(type(itchat.get_mps()))
获取的好友、群聊、公众号信息如下:
获取的信息输出
获取的信息返回的都是列表,列表的类型如下:
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.ContactList'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.ContactList'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.ContactList'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.ContactList'>
(6)ContactList类型定义
class ContactList(list): ''' when a dict is append, init function will be called to format that dict ''' def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(ContactList, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) self.__setstate__(None) @property def core(self): return getattr(self, '_core', lambda: fakeItchat)() or fakeItchat @core.setter def core(self, value): self._core = ref(value) def set_default_value(self, initFunction=None, contactClass=None): if hasattr(initFunction, '__call__'): self.contactInitFn = initFunction if hasattr(contactClass, '__call__'): self.contactClass = contactClass def append(self, value): contact = self.contactClass(value) contact.core = self.core if self.contactInitFn is not None: contact = self.contactInitFn(self, contact) or contact super(ContactList, self).append(contact) def __deepcopy__(self, memo): r = self.__class__([copy.deepcopy(v) for v in self]) r.contactInitFn = self.contactInitFn r.contactClass = self.contactClass r.core = self.core return r def __getstate__(self): return 1 def __setstate__(self, state): self.contactInitFn = None self.contactClass = User def __str__(self): return '[%s]' % ', '.join([repr(v) for v in self]) def __repr__(self): return '<%s: %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__.split('.')[-1], self.__str__())
ContactList继承是是内置列表类型list。
3. 好友、群聊、公众号信息处理
(1)好友、群聊、公众号信息结构定义
实际上上面代码返回的列表中元素类型是不同的,下面可以使用代码输出:
#coding=utf-8import itchat from itchat.storage.templates import ContactList itchat.auto_login()list_contact=itchat.get_contact()list_chatrooms=itchat.get_chatrooms()list_friends=itchat.get_friends()list_mps=itchat.get_mps()print(type( list_contact[0]))print(type( list_chatrooms[0]))print(type( list_friends[0]))print(type( list_mps[0]))
列表中类型分别是:
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.Chatroom'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.Chatroom'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.User'>
<class 'itchat.storage.templates.MassivePlatform'>
(2)Chatroom信息结构
Chatroom最上层父类是dict类型,继承结构:
class Chatroom(AbstractUserDict) class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict) class AttributeDict(dict)
根据字典的特点,信息的索引主要靠key,获取其key如下:
import itchatfrom itchat.storage.templates import Chatroomfrom itchat.storage.templates import Userfrom itchat.storage.templates import MassivePlatformitchat.auto_login()list_contact=itchat.get_contact()list_chatrooms=itchat.get_chatrooms()list_friends=itchat.get_friends()list_mps=itchat.get_mps()print(list_contact[0].keys())print(list_chatrooms[0].keys())print(list_friends[0].keys())print(list_mps[0].keys())
字典keys如下:
dict_keys(['MemberList', 'Uin', 'UserName', 'NickName', 'HeadImgUrl', 'ContactFlag', 'MemberCount', 'RemarkName', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'Sex', 'Signature', 'VerifyFlag', 'OwnerUin', 'PYInitial', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'StarFriend', 'AppAccountFlag', 'Statues', 'AttrStatus', 'Province', 'City', 'Alias', 'SnsFlag', 'UniFriend', 'DisplayName', 'ChatRoomId', 'KeyWord', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'IsOwner', 'IsAdmin', 'Self'])
(3)User信息结构
User与Chatroom基本上一样。
class User(AbstractUserDict) class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict) class AttributeDict(dict)
User是字典key如下:
dict_keys(['MemberList', 'UserName', 'City', 'DisplayName', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'Province', 'KeyWord', 'RemarkName', 'PYInitial', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'Alias', 'Signature', 'NickName', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'HeadImgUrl', 'UniFriend', 'Sex', 'AppAccountFlag', 'VerifyFlag', 'ChatRoomId', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'AttrStatus', 'SnsFlag', 'MemberCount', 'OwnerUin', 'ContactFlag', 'Uin', 'StarFriend', 'Statues', 'WebWxPluginSwitch', 'HeadImgFlag'])
(4)MassivePlatform信息结构
MassivePlatform与Chatroom基本上一样。
class MassivePlatform(AbstractUserDict) class AbstractUserDict(AttributeDict) class AttributeDict(dict)
MassivePlatform是字典key如下:
dict_keys(['MemberList', 'Uin', 'UserName', 'NickName', 'HeadImgUrl', 'ContactFlag', 'MemberCount', 'RemarkName', 'HideInputBarFlag', 'Sex', 'Signature', 'VerifyFlag', 'OwnerUin', 'PYInitial', 'PYQuanPin', 'RemarkPYInitial', 'RemarkPYQuanPin', 'StarFriend', 'AppAccountFlag', 'Statues', 'AttrStatus', 'Province', 'City', 'Alias', 'SnsFlag', 'UniFriend', 'DisplayName', 'ChatRoomId', 'KeyWord', 'EncryChatRoomId', 'IsOwner'])
下面是用户信息的获取:
#coding=utf-8import itchatitchat.auto_login()list_friends=itchat.get_friends()one_user=list_friends[0]for key in one_user: print(key,":",one_user[key])
下面是获取的的部分用户信息:
微信用户本人信息
4. 用户信息接收
接收消息采用的是类似事件处理的注册方式,一单某个函数注册以后(注册时函数需要与某个消息类型关联),当接收到相应类型的消息,该函数就调用。
(1)消息注册的方式
消息的注册,使用的是python的装饰器技术,装饰器的定义如下:
def msg_register(self, msgType, isFriendChat=False, isGroupChat=False, isMpChat=False):
参数说明:
msgType: 指定该方法用于处理的消息类型
isFriendChar: 处理好友消息
isGroupChat: 处理群消息
isMpChat: 处理公众号消息
(2)消息的类型
其中msgType的值支持如下集中:
消息类型类型说明TEXT 文本PICTURE 图片FRIENDS 好友CARD 名片MAP 位置SHARING 共享RECORDING 语音=VOICEATTACHMENT 附件VIDEO 视频VIOCE 音频= RECORDINGNOTE 消息撤回SYSTEM 系统
上述消息类型的定义如下:
TEXT = 'Text'MAP = 'Map'CARD = 'Card'NOTE = 'Note'SHARING = 'Sharing'PICTURE = 'Picture'RECORDING = VOICE = 'Recording'ATTACHMENT = 'Attachment'VIDEO = 'Video'FRIENDS = 'Friends'SYSTEM = 'System'
提示:在itchat的安装库文件content.py中定义。使用的时候,需要import itchat.content,省事的import方式:
from itchat.content import *
下面是一段接收所有类型的信息的代码:
#coding=utf-8import itchatfrom itchat.content import *@itchat.msg_register(msgType=INCOME_MSG,isFriendChat=True,isGroupChat=True,isMpChat=True)def recv_msg(msg): print(msg);#登录itchat.auto_login()#运行itchat.run(debug=True)#退出登录itchat.logout()
获得消息显示如下:
获取没有经过分析的聊天信息
5. 用户信息类型与处理
通过注册消息处理函数,实现异步回调的方式来接收聊天信息,传递过来的消息类型是:
class 'itchat.storage.messagequeue.Message'
Message类与上面User本质也是一个字典类型,继承结构如下:
Message-> AttributeDict-> dict
class Message(AttributeDict):class AttributeDict(dict):
不同类型的信息,其字典keys是不同的,就是内容有差别:
dict_keys(['MsgId', 'FromUserName', 'ToUserName', 'MsgType', 'Content', 'Status', 'ImgStatus', 'CreateTime', 'VoiceLength', 'PlayLength', 'FileName', 'FileSize', 'MediaId', 'Url', 'AppMsgType', 'StatusNotifyCode', 'StatusNotifyUserName', 'RecommendInfo', 'ForwardFlag', 'AppInfo', 'HasProductId', 'Ticket', 'ImgHeight', 'ImgWidth', 'SubMsgType', 'NewMsgId', 'OriContent', 'EncryFileName', 'User', 'Type', 'Text', 'SystemInfo'])
dict_keys(['Type', 'Text', 'SystemInfo', 'FromUserName', 'ToUserName', 'User'])
下面是一个专门接收好友文本信息的代码:
#coding=utf-8import itchatfrom itchat.content import *@itchat.msg_register(msgType=INCOME_MSG,isFriendChat=True,isGroupChat=False,isMpChat=False)def recv_msg(msg): print(msg['Type']) if msg['Type'] == TEXT : print(msg['Text'])#登录itchat.auto_login()#运行itchat.run(debug=True)#退出登录itchat.logout()
接收到信息如下:
简单的用户聊天信息接收,可以根据需要做更加复杂的处理
6. 用户信息发送
发送用户消息,有两种方式:
(1)原生消息发送
def send_raw_msg(self, msgType, content, toUserName): ''' many messages are sent in a common way for demo .. code:: python @itchat.msg_register(itchat.content.CARD) def reply(msg): itchat.send_raw_msg(msg['MsgType'], msg['Content'], msg['FromUserName']) there are some little tricks here, you may discover them yourself but remember they are tricks it is defined in components/messages.py '''def send(self, msg, toUserName=None, mediaId=None): ''' wrapped function for all the sending functions for options - msg: message starts with different string indicates different type - list of type string: ['@fil@', '@img@', '@msg@', '@vid@'] - they are for file, image, plain text, video - if none of them matches, it will be sent like plain text - toUserName: 'UserName' key of friend dict - mediaId: if set, uploading will not be repeated it is defined in components/messages.py ''' raise NotImplementedError()
(2)快捷发送函数
#发送文本 def send_msg(self, msg='Test Message', toUserName=None) #发送文件 def send_file(self, fileDir, toUserName=None, mediaId=None) #发送图像 def send_image(self, fileDir, toUserName=None, mediaId=None) #发送视频 def send_video(self, fileDir=None, toUserName=None, mediaId=None):
下面简单的展示一个发动短信的例子(其他视频,语音基本上类似)。
#coding=utf-8import itchatimport time#登录itchat.auto_login()#根据昵称找用户user=itchat.search_friends(nickName='赵德柱')[0]#每隔5秒给用户发一个短信for i in range(10): itchat.send_msg(msg="辣鸡短信,不必理会!",toUserName=user['UserName']) time.sleep(5)#退出登录itchat.logout()
上面代码可以改成个人好友信息测试。
来源: