导入模块

# 常规导入
import requests

# 用于保持会话
from requests import Session

# 用于认证
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

请求方式

requests.get()
requests.post()
requests.put()
requests.delete()
requests.head()
requests.options()

常用选项

参数	说明
headers	使用指定头部
params/data	设置表单数据
timeout	超时设置
proxies	使用代理
verify	是否验证
auth	认证设置

example:

headers={
  'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; rv2.0.1) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/4.0.1'
  }
data={
  'name':'zzz',
  'age':27
  }

# get
response=requests.get(url="http://httpbin.org/get",headers=headers,params=data,timeout=5)
response=requests.get(url="http://httpbin.org/get?name=zzz&age=23",headers=headers,timeout=5)

# post
response=requests.post(url="http://httpbin.org/post",headers=headers,data=data,timout=5)

# 更多请求方式
requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")
requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")
requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")
requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")

# 上传文件
files={'files':open('git.jpg','rb')}
response=requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",files=files)
print(response.text)

响应体处理

用推导编码解析响应文本：response.text
获取二进制响应文本：response.content
用json解析响应文本：response.json()
编码方式：response.encodeing
状态码：response.status_code
链接：response.url
头部信息：response.headers
历史：response.history
cookies：response.cookies

example:

# 修改编码方式
response.encoding='utf-8'
print(response.text)
# ---
print(response.content.decode('utf-8'))

# 解释json
print(json.loads(response.text))
# ---
print(response.json())

#获取cookies
response=requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/")
print(response.cookies)
for key,value in response.cookies.items():
  print(key+'='+value)

保持会话模式

s=requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456',)
response=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies',headers=headers)
print(response.text)
response=s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

设置代理

# 不要账户名
proxies={
  'http':'http://113.121.242.191:808',
  'https':'https://113.121.242.191:808'
}

# 需要账户名
uproxies={
  'http':'http://user:[email protected]:808',
  'https':'https://user:[email protected]:808'
}

# sokces方式
sproxies={
  'http':'socks5://113.121.242.191:808',
  'https':'socks5://113.121.242.191:808'
}

response=requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get',proxies=proxies)
print(response.text)

忽略证书

response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

认证设置

# 方法一
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
response=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user','123'))
print(response.status_code)

# 方法二
response=requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=('user','123'))
print(response.status_code)

异常处理

from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestException

try:
  response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timeout=0.1)
  print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
  print("timeout")
except ConnectionError:
  print("connection Error")
except RequestException:
  print("error")

其他补充

状态码汇总

常规:

100: (‘continue’,),
101: (‘switching_protocols’,),
102: (‘processing’,),
103: (‘checkpoint’,),
122: (‘uri_too_long’, ‘request_uri_too_long’),
200: (‘ok’, ‘okay’, ‘all_ok’, ‘all_okay’, ‘all_good’, ‘\o/’, ‘✓’),
201: (‘created’,),
202: (‘accepted’,),
203: (‘non_authoritative_info’, ‘non_authoritative_information’),
204: (‘no_content’,),
205: (‘reset_content’, ‘reset’),
206: (‘partial_content’, ‘partial’),
207: (‘multi_status’, ‘multiple_status’, ‘multi_stati’, ‘multiple_stati’),
208: (‘already_reported’,),
226: (‘im_used’,),

Redirection:

300: (‘multiple_choices’,),
301: (‘moved_permanently’, ‘moved’, ‘\o-’),
302: (‘found’,),
303: (‘see_other’, ‘other’),
304: (‘not_modified’,),
305: (‘use_proxy’,),
306: (‘switch_proxy’,),
307: (‘temporary_redirect’, ‘temporary_moved’, ‘temporary’),
308: (‘permanent_redirect’,
‘resume_incomplete’, ‘resume’,), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

Client Error:

400: (‘bad_request’, ‘bad’),
401: (‘unauthorized’,),
402: (‘payment_required’, ‘payment’),
403: (‘forbidden’,),
404: (‘not_found’, ‘-o-’),
405: (‘method_not_allowed’, ‘not_allowed’),
406: (‘not_acceptable’,),
407: (‘proxy_authentication_required’, ‘proxy_auth’, ‘proxy_authentication’),
408: (‘request_timeout’, ‘timeout’),
409: (‘conflict’,),
410: (‘gone’,),
411: (‘length_required’,),
412: (‘precondition_failed’, ‘precondition’),
413: (‘request_entity_too_large’,),
414: (‘request_uri_too_large’,),
415: (‘unsupported_media_type’, ‘unsupported_media’, ‘media_type’),
416: (‘requested_range_not_satisfiable’, ‘requested_range’, ‘range_not_satisfiable’),
417: (‘expectation_failed’,),
418: (‘im_a_teapot’, ‘teapot’, ‘i_am_a_teapot’),
421: (‘misdirected_request’,),
422: (‘unprocessable_entity’, ‘unprocessable’),
423: (‘locked’,),
424: (‘failed_dependency’, ‘dependency’),
425: (‘unordered_collection’, ‘unordered’),
426: (‘upgrade_required’, ‘upgrade’),
428: (‘precondition_required’, ‘precondition’),
429: (‘too_many_requests’, ‘too_many’),
431: (‘header_fields_too_large’, ‘fields_too_large’),
444: (‘no_response’, ‘none’),
449: (‘retry_with’, ‘retry’),
450: (‘blocked_by_windows_parental_controls’, ‘parental_controls’),
451: (‘unavailable_for_legal_reasons’, ‘legal_reasons’),
499: (‘client_closed_request’,),

Server Error:

500: (‘internal_server_error’, ‘server_error’, ‘/o’, ‘✗’),
501: (‘not_implemented’,),
502: (‘bad_gateway’,),
503: (‘service_unavailable’, ‘unavailable’),
504: (‘gateway_timeout’,),
505: (‘http_version_not_supported’, ‘http_version’),
506: (‘variant_also_negotiates’,),
507: (‘insufficient_storage’,),
509: (‘bandwidth_limit_exceeded’, ‘bandwidth’),
510: (‘not_extended’,),
511: (‘network_authentication_required’, ‘network_auth’, ‘network_authentication’),

爬虫_requsets

爬虫_requsets

导入模块

请求方式

响应体处理

保持会话模式

设置代理

忽略证书

认证设置

异常处理

其他补充

状态码汇总

相关文档

调试网站

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