人不应被语言束缚,我们最重要的是思想。而思想绝对凌驾于语言之上。
前言:
语言对比手册是我一直想写的一个系列:经过认真思考,我决定从纵向和横行两个方面
来比较Java,Kotlin,Javascript,C++,Python,Dart,六种语言。
纵向版按知识点进行划分,总篇数不定,横向版按语言进行划分,共6篇。其中:
Java基于jdk8
Kotlin基于jdk8
JavaScript基于node11.10.1,使用ES6+
C++基于C++14
Python基于Python 3.7.2
Dart基于Dart2.1.0
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别的先不说,helloworld走起
1.Java版:
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("HelloWorld");
}
}
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2.Kotlin版:
fun main(args: Array<String>) {
println("HelloWorld")
}
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3.JavaScript版:
console.log("HelloWorld");
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4.C++版:
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, World!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
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5.Python版:
if __name__ == '__main__':
print("HelloWorld")
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6.Dart版:
main() {
print("HelloWorld");
}
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一、Java代码实现
怎么看都是我家Java的类最好看
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
定义一个Shape类,在构造方法中打印语句
|-- 类定义
public class Shape {
public Shape() {//构造器
System.out.println("Shape构造函数");
}
}
|-- 类实例化
Shape shape = new Shape();
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
私有成员变量+get+set+一参构造器+公共成员方法
public class Shape {
private String name;
public Shape(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void draw() {
System.out.println("绘制" + name);
}
...
}
|-- 使用
Shape shape = new Shape("Shape");
shape.draw();//绘制Shape
shape.setName("四维空间");
System.out.println(shape.getName());//四维空间
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3.类的继承
关键字
extends
public class Point extends Shape {
public Point(String name) {
super(name);
}
public int x;
public int y;
}
|-- 使用 子类可使用父类的方法
Point point = new Point("二维点");
point.draw();//绘制二维点
System.out.println(point.getName());//二维点
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4.类的多态性
借用C++的一句话:父类指针指向子类引用
---->[Shape子类:Circle]--------------------------
public class Circle extends Shape {
private int mRadius;
public int getRadius() {
return mRadius;
}
public void setRadius(int radius) {
mRadius = radius;
}
public Circle() {
}
public Circle(String name) {
super(name);
}
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Draw in Circle");
}
}
---->[Shape子类:Point]--------------------------
public class Point extends Shape {
public Point() {
}
public Point(String name) {
super(name);
}
public int x;
public int y;
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Draw in Point");
}
}
---->[测试函数]--------------------------
private static void doDraw(Shape shape) {
shape.draw();
}
|-- 相同父类不同类对象执行不同方法
Shape point = new Point();
doDraw(point);//Draw in Point
Shape circle = new Circle();
doDraw(circle);//Draw in Circle
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5.其他特性
|--- 抽象类
public abstract class Shape {
...
public abstract void draw();
...
}
|--- 接口
public interface Drawable {
void draw();
}
|--- 类实现接口
public class Shape implements Drawable {
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二、Kotlin代码实现
冉冉升起的新星,功能比java胖了一大圈,就是感觉挺乱的...
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
|-- 类定义
open class Shape {
constructor() {
println("Shape构造函数")
}
//init {//init初始化是时也可执行
// println("Shape初始化")
//}
}
|-- 类实例化
val shape = Shape()//形式1
val shape: Shape = Shape()//形式2
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
|-- 方式一:构造方法初始化
class Shape {
var name: String? = null
constructor(name: String) {
this.name = name
}
fun draw() {
println("绘制" + name!!)
}
...
}
|-- 方式二:使用初始化列表
class Shape (name: String) {
var name = name
fun draw() {
println("绘制" + name)
}
}
|-- 使用
val shape = Shape("Shape")
shape.draw()//绘制Shape
shape.name="四维空间"
System.out.println(shape.name)//四维空间
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3.类的继承
|-- 继承-构造函数
class Point : Shape {
var x: Int = 0
var y: Int = 0
constructor(name: String) : super(name) {}
override fun draw() {
println("Draw in Point")
}
}
|-- 继承-父构造器
class Circle(name: String) : Shape(name) {
var radius: Int = 0
override fun draw() {
println("Draw in Circle")
}
}
|--使用
val point = Point("二维点");
point.draw();//绘制二维点
System.out.println(point.name);//二维点
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4.类的多态性
doDraw(Point("Point"));//Draw in Point
doDraw(Circle("Circle"));//Draw in Circle
fun doDraw(shape: Shape) {
shape.draw()
}
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5.其他特性
|--- 抽象类
abstract class Shape (name: String) {
var name = name
abstract fun draw();
}
|--- 接口
interface Drawable {
fun draw()
}
|--- 类实现接口
open class Shape(name: String) : Drawable {
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三、JavaScript代码实现
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
|-- 类定义
class Shape {
constructor() {//构造器
console.log("Shape构造函数");
}
}
module.exports = Shape;
|-- 类实例化
const Shape = require('./Shape');
let shape = new Shape();
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
|-- 简单封装
class Shape {
get name() {
return this._name;
}
set name(value) {
this._name = value;
}
constructor(name) {
this._name = name;
}
draw() {
console.log("绘制" + this._name);
}
}
module.exports = Shape;
|-- 使用
let shape = new Shape("Shape");
shape.draw();//绘制Shape
shape.name = "四维空间";
console.log(shape.name);//四维空间
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3.类的继承
---->[Point.js]-----------------
const Shape = require('./Shape');
class Point extends Shape {
constructor(name) {
super(name);
this.x = 0;
this.y = 0;
}
draw() {
console.log("Draw in " + this.name);
}
}
module.exports = Point;
---->[Circle.js]-----------------
const Shape = require('./Shape');
class Circle extends Shape {
constructor(name) {
super(name);
this.radius = 0;
}
draw() {
console.log("Draw in " + this.name);
}
}
module.exports = Circle;
|-- 使用
const Point = require('./Point');
const Circle = require('./Circle');
let point =new Point("Point");
point.draw();//Draw in Point
point.x = 100;
console.log(point.x);//100
let circle =new Circle("Circle");
circle.draw();//Draw in Circle
circle.radius = 100;
console.log(circle.radius);//100
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4.类的多态性
这姑且算是多态吧...
doDraw(new Point());//Draw in Point
doDraw(new Circle());//Draw in Circle
function doDraw(shape) {
shape.draw();
}
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二、C++代码实现
1.类的定义和构造(析构)函数
---->[Shape.h]-----------------
#ifndef C_SHAPE_H
#define C_SHAPE_H
class Shape {
public:
Shape();
~Shape();
};
#endif //C_SHAPE_H
---->[Shape.cpp]-----------------
#include "Shape.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Shape::Shape() {
cout << "Shape构造函数" << endl;
}
Shape::~Shape() {
cout << "Shape析造函数" << endl;
}
|-- 类实例化
Shape shape;//实例化对象
Shape *shape = new Shape();//自己开辟内存实例化
delete shape;
shape = nullptr;
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.h]-----------------
...
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public:
...
string &getName();
Shape(string &name);
void setName(string &name);
void draw();
private:
string name;
};
...
---->[Shape.cpp]-----------------
...
string &Shape::getName() {
return name;
}
void Shape::setName(string &name) {
Shape::name = name;
}
Shape::Shape(string &name) : name(name) {}
void Shape::draw() {
cout << "draw " << name << endl;
}
|-- 使用(指针形式)
Shape *shape = new Shape();
string name="four side space";
shape->setName(name);
shape->draw();//draw four side space
delete shape;
shape = nullptr;
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3.类的继承
---->[Point.h]------------------
#ifndef CPP_POINT_H
#define CPP_POINT_H
#include "Shape.h"
class Point : public Shape{
public:
int x;
int y;
void draw() override;
};
#endif //CPP_POINT_H
---->[Point.cpp]------------------
#include "Point.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Point::draw() {
cout << "Draw in Point" << endl;
}
|-- 使用
Point *point = new Point();
point->draw();//Draw in Point
point->x = 100;
cout << point->x << endl;//100
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4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.h]------------------
#ifndef CPP_CIRCLE_H
#define CPP_CIRCLE_H
#include "Shape.h"
class Circle : public Shape{
public:
void draw() override;
private:
int mRadius;
};
#endif //CPP_CIRCLE_H
---->[Circle.cpp]------------------
#include "Circle.h"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void Circle::draw() {
cout << "Draw in Point" << endl;
}
|-- 使用
Shape *point = new Point();
Shape *circle = new Circle();
doDraw(point);
doDraw(circle);
void doDraw(Shape *pShape) {
pShape->draw();
}
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5.其他特性
|-- 含有纯虚函数的类为抽象类
---->[Shape.h]----------------
...
virtual void draw() const = 0;
...
|-- 子类需要覆写纯虚函数,否则不能直接实例化
---->[Circle.h]----------------
...
public:
void draw() const override;
...
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五、Python代码实现
1.类的定义和构造函数
|-- 类定义
class Shape:
def __init__(self):
print("Shape构造函数")
|-- 类实例化
from python.Shape import Shape
shape = Shape()
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.py]-----------------
class Shape:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
print("Shape构造函数")
def draw(self):
print("draw " + self.name)
|-- 使用
shape = Shape("Shape")
shape.draw()#draw Shape
shape.name="四维空间"
shape.draw()#draw 四维空间
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3.类的继承
---->[Point.py]------------------
from python.Shape import Shape
class Point(Shape):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__(name)
self.x = 0
self.y = 0
def draw(self):
print("Draw in Point")
|-- 使用
point = Point("Point")
point.draw()#Draw in Point
point.x=100
print(point.x)#100
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4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.py]------------------
from python.Shape import Shape
class Circle(Shape):
def __init__(self, name):
super().__init__(name)
self.radius = 0
def draw(self):
print("Draw in Circle")
|-- 使用
def doDraw(shape):
shape.draw()
doDraw(Point("Point"))#Draw in Point
doDraw(Circle("Circle"))#Draw in Circle
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六、Dart代码实现
1.类的定义和构造函数
|-- 类定义
class Shape {
Shape() {
print("Shape构造函数");
}
}
|-- 类实例化
import 'Shape.dart';
var shape = Shape();
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2.类的封装(成员变量,成员方法)
---->[Shape.dart]-----------------
class Shape {
String name;
Shape(this.name);
draw() {
print("draw " +name);
}
}
|-- 使用
var shape = Shape("Shape");
shape.draw();//draw Shape
shape.name="四维空间";
shape.draw();//draw 四维空间
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3.类的继承
---->[Point.dart]------------------
import 'Shape.dart';
class Point extends Shape {
Point(String name) : super(name);
int x;
int y;
@override
draw() {
print("Draw in Point");
}
}
|-- 使用
var point = Point("Point");
point.draw();//Draw in Point
point.x=100;
print(point.x);//100
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4.类的多态性
---->[Circle.dart]------------------
import 'Shape.dart';
class Circle extends Shape {
Circle(String name) : super(name);
int radius;
@override
draw() {
print("Draw in Circle");
}
}
|-- 使用
doDraw(Point("Point"));//Draw in Point
doDraw(Circle("Circle"));//Draw in Circle
void doDraw(Shape shape) {
shape.draw();
}
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5.其他特性
|-- 抽象类
---->[Drawable.dart]----------------
abstract class Drawable {
void draw();
}
...
|-- 实现
---->[Shape.dart]----------------
import 'Drawable.dart';
class Shape implements Drawable{
String name;
Shape(this.name);
@override
void draw() {
print("draw " +name);
}
}
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后记:捷文规范
1.本文成长记录及勘误表
项目源码 | 日期 | 附录 |
---|---|---|
V0.1--无 | 2018-3-2 | 无 |
发布名:
编程语言对比手册-纵向版[-类-]
捷文链接:juejin.im/post/5c7785…
2.更多关于我
笔名 | 微信 | |
---|---|---|
张风捷特烈 | 1981462002 | zdl1994328 |
我的github:github.com/toly1994328
我的简书:www.jianshu.com/u/e4e52c116…
我的简书:www.jianshu.com/u/e4e52c116…
个人网站:www.toly1994.com
3.声明
1----本文由张风捷特烈原创,转载请注明
2----欢迎广大编程爱好者共同交流
3----个人能力有限,如有不正之处欢迎大家批评指证,必定虚心改正
4----看到这里,我在此感谢你的喜欢与支持