转载--python模块

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<a id="cb_post_title_url" class="postTitle2" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4963027.html">Python之路【第四篇】：模块</a>
</h1>
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<div id="cnblogs_post_body" class="blogpost-body">模块，用一砣代码实现了某个功能的代码集合。 
类似于函数式编程和面向过程编程，函数式编程则完成一个功能，其他代码用来调用即可，提供了代码的重用性和代码间的耦合。而对于一个复杂的功能来，可能需要多个函数才能完成（函数又可以在不同的.py文件中），n个 .py 文件组成的代码集合就称为模块。
如：os 是系统相关的模块；file是文件操作相关的模块
模块分为三种：
<ul>
<li>自定义模块</li>
<li>内置模块</li>
<li>开源模块</li>
</ul>
<h3>自定义模块</h3>
1、定义模块
情景一：
　　<img src="https://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201511/425762-20151120210254796-391850912.png" alt="" width="339" height="50">
情景二：
　　<img src="https://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201511/425762-20151120204455296-1485426970.png" alt="" width="347" height="109">
情景三：
　　<img src="https://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201511/425762-20151120204617843-2002471507.png" alt="" width="344" height="155">
2、导入模块
Python之所以应用越来越广泛，在一定程度上也依赖于其为程序员提供了大量的模块以供使用，如果想要使用模块，则需要导入。导入模块有一下几种方法：
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_73705" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">module</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python keyword">from</code> <code class="python plain">module.xx.xx </code><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">xx</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python keyword">from</code> <code class="python plain">module.xx.xx </code><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">xx as rename   </code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python keyword">from</code> <code class="python plain">module.xx.xx </code><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python keyword">*</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
导入模块其实就是告诉Python解释器去解释那个py文件
<ul>
<li>导入一个py文件，解释器解释该py文件</li>
<li>导入一个包，解释器解释该包下的 __init__.py 文件</li>
</ul>
那么问题来了，导入模块时是根据那个路径作为基准来进行的呢？即：sys.path
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_949806" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">sys</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">sys.path</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python spaces"> </code> </div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">结果：</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python plain">[</code><code class="python string">'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator/p1/pp1'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/setuptools-15.2-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/distribute-0.6.28-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/MySQL_python-1.2.4b4-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlutils-1.7.1-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlwt-1.0.0-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/xlrd-0.9.3-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/tornado-4.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/backports.ssl_match_hostname-3.4.0.2-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/certifi-2015.4.28-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyOpenSSL-0.15.1-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/six-1.9.0-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cryptography-0.9.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cffi-1.1.1-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ipaddress-1.0.7-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/enum34-1.0.4-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pyasn1-0.1.7-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/idna-2.0-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/pycparser-2.13-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.7.8-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/paramiko-1.10.1-py2.7.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/gevent-1.0.2-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/greenlet-0.4.7-py2.7-macosx-10.10-x86_64.egg'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/calculator'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python27.zip'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-darwin'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/plat-mac/lib-scriptpackages'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-tk'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-old'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/Cellar/python/2.7.9/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'/Library/Python/2.7/site-packages'</code><code class="python plain">]</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
如果sys.path路径列表没有你想要的路径，可以通过 sys.path.append('路径') 添加。 通过os模块可以获取各种目录，例如：
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('7aca22f5-47aa-4b94-a0eb-56a4ec698676')"><img id="code_img_closed_7aca22f5-47aa-4b94-a0eb-56a4ec698676" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: none;"><img id="code_img_opened_7aca22f5-47aa-4b94-a0eb-56a4ec698676" class="code_img_opened" style="" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('7aca22f5-47aa-4b94-a0eb-56a4ec698676',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_7aca22f5-47aa-4b94-a0eb-56a4ec698676" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: block;">
<pre>import sys
import os

pre_path = os.path.abspath('../')
sys.path.append(pre_path)</pre>
</div>
View Code </div>
<h3>开源模块</h3>
一、下载安装
下载安装有两种方式：
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('d08a64af-b0fb-4581-b69f-d31684792f82')"><img id="code_img_closed_d08a64af-b0fb-4581-b69f-d31684792f82" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: none;"><img id="code_img_opened_d08a64af-b0fb-4581-b69f-d31684792f82" class="code_img_opened" style="" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('d08a64af-b0fb-4581-b69f-d31684792f82',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_d08a64af-b0fb-4581-b69f-d31684792f82" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: block;">
<pre>yum
pip
apt-get
...</pre>
</div>
方式一</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('298ac707-04eb-4c09-b870-8215a5cac32b')"><img id="code_img_closed_298ac707-04eb-4c09-b870-8215a5cac32b" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: none;"><img id="code_img_opened_298ac707-04eb-4c09-b870-8215a5cac32b" class="code_img_opened" style="" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('298ac707-04eb-4c09-b870-8215a5cac32b',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_298ac707-04eb-4c09-b870-8215a5cac32b" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: block;">
<pre>下载源码
解压源码
进入目录
编译源码 python setup.py build
安装源码 python setup.py install</pre>
</div>
方式二</div>
注：在使用源码安装时，需要使用到gcc编译和python开发环境，所以，需要先执行：
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_370006" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">yum install gcc</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">yum install python</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">devel</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python plain">或</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">apt</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">get python</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">dev</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
安装成功后，模块会自动安装到 sys.path 中的某个目录中，如：
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_122272" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">usr</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">lib</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">python2.</code><code class="python value">7</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">site</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">packages</code><code class="python keyword">/</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
二、导入模块
同自定义模块中导入的方式
三、模块 paramiko
paramiko是一个用于做远程控制的模块，使用该模块可以对远程服务器进行命令或文件操作，值得一说的是，fabric和ansible内部的远程管理就是使用的paramiko来现实。
1、下载安装
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_308909" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">pip3 install paramiko</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
或
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_240082" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2">15</div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1">16</div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2">17</div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1">18</div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2">19</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python comments"># pycrypto，由于 paramiko 模块内部依赖pycrypto，所以先下载安装pycrypto</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python comments"># 下载安装 pycrypto</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">wget http:</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">files.cnblogs.com</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">files</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">wupeiqi</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">pycrypto</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">2.6</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1.tar</code><code class="python plain">.gz</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python plain">tar </code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">xvf pycrypto</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">2.6</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1.tar</code><code class="python plain">.gz</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python plain">cd pycrypto</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">2.6</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python plain">python setup.py build</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python plain">python setup.py install</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"> </div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="python comments"># 进入python环境，导入Crypto检查是否安装成功</code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"> </div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="python comments"># 下载安装 paramiko</code></div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="python plain">wget http:</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">files.cnblogs.com</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">files</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">wupeiqi</code><code class="python keyword">/</code><code class="python plain">paramiko</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">1.10</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1.tar</code><code class="python plain">.gz</code></div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="python plain">tar </code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python plain">xvf paramiko</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">1.10</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1.tar</code><code class="python plain">.gz</code></div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="python plain">cd paramiko</code><code class="python keyword">-</code><code class="python value">1.10</code><code class="python plain">.</code><code class="python value">1</code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="python plain">python setup.py build</code></div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="python plain">python setup.py install</code></div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"> </div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="python comments"># 进入python环境，导入paramiko检查是否安装成功</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
2、使用模块
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('66c96ef9-d373-4c8e-a63e-ae7ea2b667f3')"><img id="code_img_closed_66c96ef9-d373-4c8e-a63e-ae7ea2b667f3" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: inline;"><img id="code_img_opened_66c96ef9-d373-4c8e-a63e-ae7ea2b667f3" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('66c96ef9-d373-4c8e-a63e-ae7ea2b667f3',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_66c96ef9-d373-4c8e-a63e-ae7ea2b667f3" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: none;"><div class="cnblogs_code_toolbar"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="copyCnblogsCode(this)" title="复制代码"><img src="//common.cnblogs.com/images/copycode.gif" alt="复制代码"></a></div>
<pre>#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('192.168.1.108', 22, 'alex', '123')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close();</pre>
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执行命令 - 通过用户名和密码连接服务器</div>
<div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('c38c41d4-0989-411c-88d9-2583762e63bb')"><img id="code_img_closed_c38c41d4-0989-411c-88d9-2583762e63bb" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: inline;"><img id="code_img_opened_c38c41d4-0989-411c-88d9-2583762e63bb" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('c38c41d4-0989-411c-88d9-2583762e63bb',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_c38c41d4-0989-411c-88d9-2583762e63bb" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: none;"><div class="cnblogs_code_toolbar"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="copyCnblogsCode(this)" title="复制代码"><img src="//common.cnblogs.com/images/copycode.gif" alt="复制代码"></a></div>
<pre>import paramiko

private_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(private_key_path)

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect('主机名 ', 端口, '用户名', key)

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('df')
print stdout.read()
ssh.close()</pre>
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执行命令 - 过密钥链接服务器</div>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('91d34567-70cf-401a-83e5-8c7daf4cf0ca')"><div>按 Ctrl+C 复制代码</div><textarea style="width: 761.009px; height: 379.207px; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5;"></textarea><div>按 Ctrl+C 复制代码</div></div>
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<pre>import paramiko

pravie_key_path = '/home/auto/.ssh/id_rsa'
key = paramiko.RSAKey.from_private_key_file(pravie_key_path)

t = paramiko.Transport(('182.92.219.86',22))
t.connect(username='wupeiqi',pkey=key)

sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.put('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test3.py')

t.close()

import paramiko

sftp = paramiko.SFTPClient.from_transport(t)
sftp.get('/tmp/test3.py','/tmp/test4.py')

t.close()</pre>
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上传或下载文件 - 通过密钥</div>
<h3>内置模块</h3>
一、os
用于提供系统级别的操作
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<pre>os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径
os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd
os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.')
os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..')
os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录
os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推
os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname
os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname
os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印
os.remove() 删除一个文件
os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录
os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息
os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"
os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\t\n",Linux下为"\n"
os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串
os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'
os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示
os.environ 获取系统环境变量
os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径
os.path.split(path) 将path分割成目录和文件名二元组返回
os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素
os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素
os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False
os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True
os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False
os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False
os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略
os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间
os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间</pre>
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更多<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/os.html?highlight=os#module-os" target="_blank">猛击这里</a>
二、sys
用于提供对解释器相关的操作
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<pre>sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径
sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0)
sys.version 获取Python解释程序的版本信息
sys.maxint 最大的Int值
sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值
sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称
sys.stdout.write('please:')
val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1]</pre>
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<div class="page" title="Page 3">
<div class="section">
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更多<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/sys.html?highlight=sys#module-sys" target="_blank">猛击这里</a>
三、hashlib 
用于加密相关的操作，代替了md5模块和sha模块，主要提供 SHA1, SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512 ，MD5 算法
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('a984cc7d-fc3f-4294-bdc0-15a6f301442b')"><img id="code_img_closed_a984cc7d-fc3f-4294-bdc0-15a6f301442b" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: inline;"><img id="code_img_opened_a984cc7d-fc3f-4294-bdc0-15a6f301442b" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('a984cc7d-fc3f-4294-bdc0-15a6f301442b',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
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<pre>import md5
hash = md5.new()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()</pre>
</div>
md5-废弃</div>
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<pre>import sha

hash = sha.new()
hash.update('admin')
print hash.hexdigest()</pre>
</div>
sha-废弃</div>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_42831" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2">15</div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1">16</div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2">17</div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1">18</div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2">19</div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1">20</div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2">21</div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1">22</div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2">23</div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1">24</div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2">25</div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1">26</div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2">27</div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1">28</div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2">29</div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1">30</div><div class="line number31 index30 alt2">31</div><div class="line number32 index31 alt1">32</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python comments"># ######## md5 ########</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"> </div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.md5()</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"> </div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python comments"># ######## sha1 ########</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"> </div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.sha1()</code></div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"> </div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="python comments"># ######## sha256 ########</code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"> </div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.sha256()</code></div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1"> </div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2"> </div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1"><code class="python comments"># ######## sha384 ########</code></div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2"> </div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.sha384()</code></div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2"> </div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1"><code class="python comments"># ######## sha512 ########</code></div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2"> </div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.sha512()</code></div><div class="line number31 index30 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number32 index31 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
以上加密算法虽然依然非常厉害，但时候存在缺陷，即：通过撞库可以反解。所以，有必要对加密算法中添加自定义key再来做加密。
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_631222" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python comments"># ######## md5 ########</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"> </div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python functions">hash</code> <code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hashlib.md5(</code><code class="python string">'898oaFs09f'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.update(</code><code class="python string">'admin'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python functions">hash</code><code class="python plain">.hexdigest()</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
还不够吊？python 还有一个 hmac 模块，它内部对我们创建 key 和内容再进行处理然后再加密
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_620128" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">hmac</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">h </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">hmac.new(</code><code class="python string">'wueiqi'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python plain">h.update(</code><code class="python string">'hellowo'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">h.hexdigest()</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
不能再牛逼了！！！
四、json 和 pickle 
用于序列化的两个模块
<ul>
<li>json，用于字符串和 python数据类型间进行转换</li>
<li>pickle，用于python特有的类型和 python的数据类型间进行转换</li>
</ul>
Json模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
pickle模块提供了四个功能：dumps、dump、loads、load
<img src="https://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201511/425762-20151114231017087-842020084.png" alt="" width="472" height="381">
五、执行系统命令 
可以执行shell命令的相关模块和函数有：
<ul>
<li>os.system</li>
<li>os.spawn*</li>
<li>os.popen*          --废弃</li>
<li>popen2.*           --废弃</li>
<li>commands.*      --废弃，3.x中被移除</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('a8f09697-f1df-4a07-ac55-21292319df2d')"><img id="code_img_closed_a8f09697-f1df-4a07-ac55-21292319df2d" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt="" style="display: none;"><img id="code_img_opened_a8f09697-f1df-4a07-ac55-21292319df2d" class="code_img_opened" style="" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('a8f09697-f1df-4a07-ac55-21292319df2d',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_a8f09697-f1df-4a07-ac55-21292319df2d" class="cnblogs_code_hide" style="display: block;">
<pre>import commands

result = commands.getoutput('cmd')
result = commands.getstatus('cmd')
result = commands.getstatusoutput('cmd')</pre>
</div>
commands</div>
以上执行shell命令的相关的模块和函数的功能均在 subprocess 模块中实现，并提供了更丰富的功能。
call 
执行命令，返回状态码
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_114913" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">ret </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">subprocess.call([</code><code class="python string">"ls"</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">"-l"</code><code class="python plain">], shell</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python color1">False</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">ret </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">subprocess.call(</code><code class="python string">"ls -l"</code><code class="python plain">, shell</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python color1">True</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
shell = True ，允许 shell 命令是字符串形式
check_call
执行命令，如果执行状态码是 0 ，则返回0，否则抛异常
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_477062" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">subprocess.check_call([</code><code class="python string">"ls"</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">"-l"</code><code class="python plain">])</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">subprocess.check_call(</code><code class="python string">"exit 1"</code><code class="python plain">, shell</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python color1">True</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
check_output
执行命令，如果状态码是 0 ，则返回执行结果，否则抛异常
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_951562" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">subprocess.check_output([</code><code class="python string">"echo"</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">"Hello World!"</code><code class="python plain">])</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">subprocess.check_output(</code><code class="python string">"exit 1"</code><code class="python plain">, shell</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python color1">True</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
subprocess.Popen(...)
用于执行复杂的系统命令
参数：
<ul>
<li>args：shell命令，可以是字符串或者序列类型（如：list，元组）</li>
<li>bufsize：指定缓冲。0 无缓冲,1 行缓冲,其他缓冲区大小,负值系统缓冲</li>
<li>stdin, stdout, stderr：分别表示程序的标准输入、输出、错误句柄</li>
<li>preexec_fn：只在Unix平台下有效，用于指定一个可执行对象（callable object），它将在子进程运行之前被调用</li>
<li>close_sfs：在windows平台下，如果close_fds被设置为True，则新创建的子进程将不会继承父进程的输入、输出、错误管道。 所以不能将close_fds设置为True同时重定向子进程的标准输入、输出与错误(stdin, stdout, stderr)。</li>
<li>shell：同上</li>
<li>cwd：用于设置子进程的当前目录</li>
<li>env：用于指定子进程的环境变量。如果env = None，子进程的环境变量将从父进程中继承。</li>
<li>universal_newlines：不同系统的换行符不同，True -> 同意使用 \n</li>
<li>startupinfo与createionflags只在windows下有效 将被传递给底层的CreateProcess()函数，用于设置子进程的一些属性，如：主窗口的外观，进程的优先级等等</li>

</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('975aff8d-37b0-4d35-99e0-c5d185ef6755')"><img id="code_img_closed_975aff8d-37b0-4d35-99e0-c5d185ef6755" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_975aff8d-37b0-4d35-99e0-c5d185ef6755" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('975aff8d-37b0-4d35-99e0-c5d185ef6755',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_975aff8d-37b0-4d35-99e0-c5d185ef6755" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import subprocess
ret1 = subprocess.Popen(["mkdir","t1"])
ret2 = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t2", shell=True)</pre>
</div>
执行普通命令</div>
终端输入的命令分为两种：
<ul>
<li>输入即可得到输出，如：ifconfig</li>
<li>输入进行某环境，依赖再输入，如：python</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('aca7cea1-4c7d-4ad6-a66b-18fe27615578')"><img id="code_img_closed_aca7cea1-4c7d-4ad6-a66b-18fe27615578" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_aca7cea1-4c7d-4ad6-a66b-18fe27615578" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('aca7cea1-4c7d-4ad6-a66b-18fe27615578',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_aca7cea1-4c7d-4ad6-a66b-18fe27615578" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen("mkdir t3", shell=True, cwd='/home/dev',)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('a7371cc9-f428-4d2e-997f-cf45000ca43e')"><img id="code_img_closed_a7371cc9-f428-4d2e-997f-cf45000ca43e" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_a7371cc9-f428-4d2e-997f-cf45000ca43e" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('a7371cc9-f428-4d2e-997f-cf45000ca43e',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_a7371cc9-f428-4d2e-997f-cf45000ca43e" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import subprocess

cmd_out = obj.stdout.read()
obj.stdout.close()
cmd_error = obj.stderr.read()
obj.stderr.close()

print cmd_out
print cmd_error</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('ce289ce1-0a78-4cae-96ec-292f34aa1b8c')"><img id="code_img_closed_ce289ce1-0a78-4cae-96ec-292f34aa1b8c" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_ce289ce1-0a78-4cae-96ec-292f34aa1b8c" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('ce289ce1-0a78-4cae-96ec-292f34aa1b8c',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_ce289ce1-0a78-4cae-96ec-292f34aa1b8c" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import subprocess

out_error_list = obj.communicate()
print out_error_list</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('9976c0f5-f5c3-4c81-bc5f-38ca41bd8822')"><img id="code_img_closed_9976c0f5-f5c3-4c81-bc5f-38ca41bd8822" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_9976c0f5-f5c3-4c81-bc5f-38ca41bd8822" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('9976c0f5-f5c3-4c81-bc5f-38ca41bd8822',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_9976c0f5-f5c3-4c81-bc5f-38ca41bd8822" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import subprocess

obj = subprocess.Popen(["python"], stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
out_error_list = obj.communicate('print "hello"')
print out_error_list</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
更多<a href="https://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html?highlight=subprocess#frequently-used-arguments" target="_blank">猛击这里</a>
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六、shutil
高级的文件、文件夹、压缩包处理模块
shutil.copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst[, length]) 将文件内容拷贝到另一个文件中，可以部分内容
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('3068a95a-bec4-4b4f-9ea4-3367b7e18baa')"><img id="code_img_closed_3068a95a-bec4-4b4f-9ea4-3367b7e18baa" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_3068a95a-bec4-4b4f-9ea4-3367b7e18baa" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('3068a95a-bec4-4b4f-9ea4-3367b7e18baa',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_3068a95a-bec4-4b4f-9ea4-3367b7e18baa" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=16*1024):
"""copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
while 1:
buf = fsrc.read(length)
if not buf:
break
fdst.write(buf)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.copyfile(src, dst) 拷贝文件
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('fe3ecac1-c234-43bc-8d7f-0bcc24a4feb2')"><img id="code_img_closed_fe3ecac1-c234-43bc-8d7f-0bcc24a4feb2" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_fe3ecac1-c234-43bc-8d7f-0bcc24a4feb2" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('fe3ecac1-c234-43bc-8d7f-0bcc24a4feb2',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_fe3ecac1-c234-43bc-8d7f-0bcc24a4feb2" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copyfile(src, dst):
"""Copy data from src to dst"""
if _samefile(src, dst):
raise Error("`%s` and `%s` are the same file" % (src, dst))

for fn in [src, dst]:
try:
st = os.stat(fn)
except OSError:
# File most likely does not exist
pass
else:
# XXX What about other special files? (sockets, devices...)
if stat.S_ISFIFO(st.st_mode):
raise SpecialFileError("`%s` is a named pipe" % fn)

with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.copymode(src, dst) 仅拷贝权限。内容、组、用户均不变
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('8b725a52-25d5-4a29-a6e8-0be59607ec06')"><img id="code_img_closed_8b725a52-25d5-4a29-a6e8-0be59607ec06" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_8b725a52-25d5-4a29-a6e8-0be59607ec06" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('8b725a52-25d5-4a29-a6e8-0be59607ec06',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_8b725a52-25d5-4a29-a6e8-0be59607ec06" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copymode(src, dst):
"""Copy mode bits from src to dst"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
os.chmod(dst, mode)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.copystat(src, dst) 拷贝状态的信息，包括：mode bits, atime, mtime, flags
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('e0ddd0cf-e83d-4a49-80ca-ae2bdae666fe')"><img id="code_img_closed_e0ddd0cf-e83d-4a49-80ca-ae2bdae666fe" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_e0ddd0cf-e83d-4a49-80ca-ae2bdae666fe" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('e0ddd0cf-e83d-4a49-80ca-ae2bdae666fe',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_e0ddd0cf-e83d-4a49-80ca-ae2bdae666fe" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copystat(src, dst):
"""Copy all stat info (mode bits, atime, mtime, flags) from src to dst"""
st = os.stat(src)
mode = stat.S_IMODE(st.st_mode)
if hasattr(os, 'utime'):
os.utime(dst, (st.st_atime, st.st_mtime))
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
os.chmod(dst, mode)
if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(st, 'st_flags'):
try:
os.chflags(dst, st.st_flags)
except OSError, why:
for err in 'EOPNOTSUPP', 'ENOTSUP':
if hasattr(errno, err) and why.errno == getattr(errno, err):
break
else:
raise</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.copy(src, dst) 拷贝文件和权限
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('71c1fff6-0989-4215-a4a0-c169f01804ed')"><img id="code_img_closed_71c1fff6-0989-4215-a4a0-c169f01804ed" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_71c1fff6-0989-4215-a4a0-c169f01804ed" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('71c1fff6-0989-4215-a4a0-c169f01804ed',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_71c1fff6-0989-4215-a4a0-c169f01804ed" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copy(src, dst):
"""Copy data and mode bits ("cp src dst").

The destination may be a directory.

"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copymode(src, dst)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.copy2(src, dst) 拷贝文件和状态信息
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('0ab0f14b-5096-42e6-9615-3fae14bd2b97')"><img id="code_img_closed_0ab0f14b-5096-42e6-9615-3fae14bd2b97" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_0ab0f14b-5096-42e6-9615-3fae14bd2b97" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('0ab0f14b-5096-42e6-9615-3fae14bd2b97',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_0ab0f14b-5096-42e6-9615-3fae14bd2b97" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def copy2(src, dst):
"""Copy data and all stat info ("cp -p src dst").

The destination may be a directory.

"""
if os.path.isdir(dst):
dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
copyfile(src, dst)
copystat(src, dst)</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.ignore_patterns(*patterns) shutil.copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None) 递归的去拷贝文件
例如：copytree(source, destination, ignore=ignore_patterns('*.pyc', 'tmp*'))
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('4ffa5c9e-d914-4684-b8d3-91fac93b50b0')"><img id="code_img_closed_4ffa5c9e-d914-4684-b8d3-91fac93b50b0" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_4ffa5c9e-d914-4684-b8d3-91fac93b50b0" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('4ffa5c9e-d914-4684-b8d3-91fac93b50b0',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_4ffa5c9e-d914-4684-b8d3-91fac93b50b0" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def ignore_patterns(*patterns):
"""Function that can be used as copytree() ignore parameter.

Patterns is a sequence of glob-style patterns
that are used to exclude files"""
def _ignore_patterns(path, names):
ignored_names = []
for pattern in patterns:
ignored_names.extend(fnmatch.filter(names, pattern))
return set(ignored_names)
return _ignore_patterns

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None):
"""Recursively copy a directory tree using copy2().

The destination directory must not already exist.
If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.

If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
source tree result in symbolic links in the destination tree; if
it is false, the contents of the files pointed to by symbolic
links are copied.

The optional ignore argument is a callable. If given, it
is called with the `src` parameter, which is the directory
being visited by copytree(), and `names` which is the list of
`src` contents, as returned by os.listdir():

callable(src, names) -> ignored_names

Since copytree() is called recursively, the callable will be
called once for each directory that is copied. It returns a
list of names relative to the `src` directory that should
not be copied.

XXX Consider this example code rather than the ultimate tool.

"""
names = os.listdir(src)
if ignore is not None:
ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
else:
ignored_names = set()

os.makedirs(dst)
errors = []
for name in names:
if name in ignored_names:
continue
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore)
else:
# Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
 copy2(srcname, dstname)
# catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
# continue with other files
except Error, err:
errors.extend(err.args[0])
except EnvironmentError, why:
errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
try:
copystat(src, dst)
except OSError, why:
if WindowsError is not None and isinstance(why, WindowsError):
# Copying file access times may fail on Windows
pass
else:
errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
if errors:
raise Error, errors</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil.rmtree(path[, ignore_errors[, onerror]]) 递归的去删除文件
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('9b27efd9-873b-47b9-af74-af999d89e72b')"><img id="code_img_closed_9b27efd9-873b-47b9-af74-af999d89e72b" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_9b27efd9-873b-47b9-af74-af999d89e72b" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('9b27efd9-873b-47b9-af74-af999d89e72b',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_9b27efd9-873b-47b9-af74-af999d89e72b" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
"""Recursively delete a directory tree.

If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
path, exc_info) where func is os.listdir, os.remove, or os.rmdir;
path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info(). If ignore_errors
is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.

"""
if ignore_errors:
def onerror(*args):
pass
elif onerror is None:
def onerror(*args):
raise
try:
if os.path.islink(path):
# symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
except OSError:
onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
# can't continue even if onerror hook returns
return
names = []
try:
names = os.listdir(path)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.listdir, path, sys.exc_info())
for name in names:
fullname = os.path.join(path, name)
try:
mode = os.lstat(fullname).st_mode
except os.error:
mode = 0
if stat.S_ISDIR(mode):
rmtree(fullname, ignore_errors, onerror)
else:
try:
os.remove(fullname)
except os.error, err:
onerror(os.remove, fullname, sys.exc_info())
try:
os.rmdir(path)
except os.error:
onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())</pre>
</div>
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shutil.move(src, dst) 递归的去移动文件
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('435fbc8f-18ec-4cc6-bedb-094e849a3c24')"><img id="code_img_closed_435fbc8f-18ec-4cc6-bedb-094e849a3c24" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_435fbc8f-18ec-4cc6-bedb-094e849a3c24" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('435fbc8f-18ec-4cc6-bedb-094e849a3c24',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_435fbc8f-18ec-4cc6-bedb-094e849a3c24" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def move(src, dst):
"""Recursively move a file or directory to another location. This is
similar to the Unix "mv" command.

If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
exist.

If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.

If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed.
A lot more could be done here... A look at a mv.c shows a lot of
the issues this implementation glosses over.

"""
real_dst = dst
if os.path.isdir(dst):
if _samefile(src, dst):
# We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
# perform the rename anyway.
 os.rename(src, dst)
return

real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
if os.path.exists(real_dst):
raise Error, "Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst
try:
os.rename(src, real_dst)
except OSError:
if os.path.isdir(src):
if _destinsrc(src, dst):
raise Error, "Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst)
copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
rmtree(src)
else:
copy2(src, real_dst)
os.unlink(src)</pre>
</div>
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shutil.make_archive(base_name, format,...)
创建压缩包并返回文件路径，例如：zip、tar
<ul>
<li>base_name：压缩包的文件名，也可以是压缩包的路径。只是文件名时，则保存至当前目录，否则保存至指定路径， 如：www                        =>保存至当前路径 如：/Users/wupeiqi/www =>保存至/Users/wupeiqi/</li>
<li>format：压缩包种类，“zip”, “tar”, “bztar”，“gztar”</li>
<li>root_dir：要压缩的文件夹路径（默认当前目录）</li>
<li>owner：用户，默认当前用户</li>
<li>group：组，默认当前组</li>
<li>logger：用于记录日志，通常是logging.Logger对象</li>

</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_379218" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python comments">#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置当前程序目录</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">shutil</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">ret </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">shutil.make_archive(</code><code class="python string">"wwwwwwwwww"</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'gztar'</code><code class="python plain">, root_dir</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python string">'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"> </div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"> </div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python comments">#将 /Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test 下的文件打包放置 /Users/wupeiqi/目录</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">shutil</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python plain">ret </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">shutil.make_archive(</code><code class="python string">"/Users/wupeiqi/wwwwwwwwww"</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'gztar'</code><code class="python plain">, root_dir</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python string">'/Users/wupeiqi/Downloads/test'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('23280a1e-e26c-4107-a218-872860ac85b9')"><img id="code_img_closed_23280a1e-e26c-4107-a218-872860ac85b9" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_23280a1e-e26c-4107-a218-872860ac85b9" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('23280a1e-e26c-4107-a218-872860ac85b9',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_23280a1e-e26c-4107-a218-872860ac85b9" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
"""Create an archive file (eg. zip or tar).

'base_name' is the name of the file to create, minus any format-specific
extension; 'format' is the archive format: one of "zip", "tar", "bztar"
or "gztar".

'root_dir' is a directory that will be the root directory of the
archive; ie. we typically chdir into 'root_dir' before creating the
archive. 'base_dir' is the directory where we start archiving from;
ie. 'base_dir' will be the common prefix of all files and
directories in the archive. 'root_dir' and 'base_dir' both default
to the current directory. Returns the name of the archive file.

'owner' and 'group' are used when creating a tar archive. By default,
uses the current owner and group.
"""
save_cwd = os.getcwd()
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
if not dry_run:
os.chdir(root_dir)

if base_dir is None:
base_dir = os.curdir

kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}

try:
format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
except KeyError:
raise ValueError, "unknown archive format '%s'" % format

func = format_info[0]
for arg, val in format_info[1]:
kwargs[arg] = val

if format != 'zip':
kwargs['owner'] = owner
kwargs['group'] = group

try:
filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
finally:
if root_dir is not None:
if logger is not None:
logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
os.chdir(save_cwd)

return filename</pre>
</div>
View Code</div>
shutil 对压缩包的处理是调用 ZipFile 和 TarFile 两个模块来进行的，详细：
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('39689b83-db05-4a45-a165-b39af52823d6')"><img id="code_img_closed_39689b83-db05-4a45-a165-b39af52823d6" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_39689b83-db05-4a45-a165-b39af52823d6" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('39689b83-db05-4a45-a165-b39af52823d6',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_39689b83-db05-4a45-a165-b39af52823d6" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import zipfile

# 压缩
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'w')
z.write('a.log')
z.write('data.data')
z.close()

# 解压
z = zipfile.ZipFile('laxi.zip', 'r')
z.extractall()
z.close()</pre>
</div>
zipfile 压缩解压</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('a7d089e2-7147-416c-9b25-ba64f1f45745')"><img id="code_img_closed_a7d089e2-7147-416c-9b25-ba64f1f45745" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_a7d089e2-7147-416c-9b25-ba64f1f45745" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('a7d089e2-7147-416c-9b25-ba64f1f45745',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_a7d089e2-7147-416c-9b25-ba64f1f45745" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>import tarfile

# 压缩
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','w')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/bbs2.zip', arcname='bbs2.zip')
tar.add('/Users/wupeiqi/PycharmProjects/cmdb.zip', arcname='cmdb.zip')
tar.close()

# 解压
tar = tarfile.open('your.tar','r')
tar.extractall() # 可设置解压地址
tar.close()</pre>
</div>
tarfile 压缩解压</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('2a06489e-fbd2-40ba-86e4-85e5513f1199')"><img id="code_img_closed_2a06489e-fbd2-40ba-86e4-85e5513f1199" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_2a06489e-fbd2-40ba-86e4-85e5513f1199" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('2a06489e-fbd2-40ba-86e4-85e5513f1199',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_2a06489e-fbd2-40ba-86e4-85e5513f1199" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>class ZipFile(object):
""" Class with methods to open, read, write, close, list zip files.

z = ZipFile(file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False)

file: Either the path to the file, or a file-like object.
If it is a path, the file will be opened and closed by ZipFile.
mode: The mode can be either read "r", write "w" or append "a".
compression: ZIP_STORED (no compression) or ZIP_DEFLATED (requires zlib).
allowZip64: if True ZipFile will create files with ZIP64 extensions when
needed, otherwise it will raise an exception when this would
be necessary.

"""

fp = None # Set here since __del__ checks it

def __init__(self, file, mode="r", compression=ZIP_STORED, allowZip64=False):
"""Open the ZIP file with mode read "r", write "w" or append "a"."""
if mode not in ("r", "w", "a"):
raise RuntimeError('ZipFile() requires mode "r", "w", or "a"')

if compression == ZIP_STORED:
pass
elif compression == ZIP_DEFLATED:
if not zlib:
raise RuntimeError,\
"Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
else:
raise RuntimeError, "That compression method is not supported"

self._allowZip64 = allowZip64
self._didModify = False
self.debug = 0 # Level of printing: 0 through 3
self.NameToInfo = {} # Find file info given name
self.filelist = [] # List of ZipInfo instances for archive
self.compression = compression # Method of compression
self.mode = key = mode.replace('b', '')[0]
self.pwd = None
self._comment = ''

# Check if we were passed a file-like object
if isinstance(file, basestring):
self._filePassed = 0
self.filename = file
modeDict = {'r' : 'rb', 'w': 'wb', 'a' : 'r+b'}
try:
self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
except IOError:
if mode == 'a':
mode = key = 'w'
self.fp = open(file, modeDict[mode])
else:
raise
else:
self._filePassed = 1
self.fp = file
self.filename = getattr(file, 'name', None)

try:
if key == 'r':
self._RealGetContents()
elif key == 'w':
# set the modified flag so central directory gets written
# even if no files are added to the archive
self._didModify = True
elif key == 'a':
try:
# See if file is a zip file
 self._RealGetContents()
# seek to start of directory and overwrite
 self.fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
except BadZipfile:
# file is not a zip file, just append
self.fp.seek(0, 2)

# set the modified flag so central directory gets written
# even if no files are added to the archive
self._didModify = True
else:
raise RuntimeError('Mode must be "r", "w" or "a"')
except:
fp = self.fp
self.fp = None
if not self._filePassed:
fp.close()
raise

def __enter__(self):
return self

def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
self.close()

def _RealGetContents(self):
"""Read in the table of contents for the ZIP file."""
fp = self.fp
try:
endrec = _EndRecData(fp)
except IOError:
raise BadZipfile("File is not a zip file")
if not endrec:
raise BadZipfile, "File is not a zip file"
if self.debug > 1:
print endrec
size_cd = endrec[_ECD_SIZE] # bytes in central directory
offset_cd = endrec[_ECD_OFFSET] # offset of central directory
self._comment = endrec[_ECD_COMMENT] # archive comment

# "concat" is zero, unless zip was concatenated to another file
concat = endrec[_ECD_LOCATION] - size_cd - offset_cd
if endrec[_ECD_SIGNATURE] == stringEndArchive64:
# If Zip64 extension structures are present, account for them
concat -= (sizeEndCentDir64 + sizeEndCentDir64Locator)

if self.debug > 2:
inferred = concat + offset_cd
print "given, inferred, offset", offset_cd, inferred, concat
# self.start_dir: Position of start of central directory
self.start_dir = offset_cd + concat
fp.seek(self.start_dir, 0)
data = fp.read(size_cd)
fp = cStringIO.StringIO(data)
total = 0
while total < size_cd:
centdir = fp.read(sizeCentralDir)
if len(centdir) != sizeCentralDir:
raise BadZipfile("Truncated central directory")
centdir = struct.unpack(structCentralDir, centdir)
if centdir[_CD_SIGNATURE] != stringCentralDir:
raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for central directory")
if self.debug > 2:
print centdir
filename = fp.read(centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH])
# Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
x = ZipInfo(filename)
x.extra = fp.read(centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])
x.comment = fp.read(centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])
x.header_offset = centdir[_CD_LOCAL_HEADER_OFFSET]
(x.create_version, x.create_system, x.extract_version, x.reserved,
x.flag_bits, x.compress_type, t, d,
x.CRC, x.compress_size, x.file_size) = centdir[1:12]
x.volume, x.internal_attr, x.external_attr = centdir[15:18]
# Convert date/time code to (year, month, day, hour, min, sec)
x._raw_time = t
x.date_time = ( (d>>9)+1980, (d>>5)&0xF, d&0x1F,
t>>11, (t>>5)&0x3F, (t&0x1F) * 2 )

x._decodeExtra()
x.header_offset = x.header_offset + concat
x.filename = x._decodeFilename()
self.filelist.append(x)
self.NameToInfo[x.filename] = x

# update total bytes read from central directory
total = (total + sizeCentralDir + centdir[_CD_FILENAME_LENGTH]
+ centdir[_CD_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]
+ centdir[_CD_COMMENT_LENGTH])

if self.debug > 2:
print "total", total

def namelist(self):
"""Return a list of file names in the archive."""
l = []
for data in self.filelist:
l.append(data.filename)
return l

def infolist(self):
"""Return a list of class ZipInfo instances for files in the
archive."""
return self.filelist

def printdir(self):
"""Print a table of contents for the zip file."""
print "%-46s %19s %12s" % ("File Name", "Modified ", "Size")
for zinfo in self.filelist:
date = "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" % zinfo.date_time[:6]
print "%-46s %s %12d" % (zinfo.filename, date, zinfo.file_size)

def testzip(self):
"""Read all the files and check the CRC."""
chunk_size = 2 ** 20
for zinfo in self.filelist:
try:
# Read by chunks, to avoid an OverflowError or a
# MemoryError with very large embedded files.
with self.open(zinfo.filename, "r") as f:
while f.read(chunk_size): # Check CRC-32
pass
except BadZipfile:
return zinfo.filename

def getinfo(self, name):
"""Return the instance of ZipInfo given 'name'."""
info = self.NameToInfo.get(name)
if info is None:
raise KeyError(
'There is no item named %r in the archive' % name)

return info

def setpassword(self, pwd):
"""Set default password for encrypted files."""
self.pwd = pwd

@property
def comment(self):
"""The comment text associated with the ZIP file."""
return self._comment

@comment.setter
def comment(self, comment):
# check for valid comment length
if len(comment) > ZIP_MAX_COMMENT:
import warnings
warnings.warn('Archive comment is too long; truncating to %d bytes'
% ZIP_MAX_COMMENT, stacklevel=2)
comment = comment[:ZIP_MAX_COMMENT]
self._comment = comment
self._didModify = True

def read(self, name, pwd=None):
"""Return file bytes (as a string) for name."""
return self.open(name, "r", pwd).read()

def open(self, name, mode="r", pwd=None):
"""Return file-like object for 'name'."""
if mode not in ("r", "U", "rU"):
raise RuntimeError, 'open() requires mode "r", "U", or "rU"'
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Attempt to read ZIP archive that was already closed"

# Only open a new file for instances where we were not
# given a file object in the constructor
if self._filePassed:
zef_file = self.fp
should_close = False
else:
zef_file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
should_close = True

try:
# Make sure we have an info object
if isinstance(name, ZipInfo):
# 'name' is already an info object
zinfo = name
else:
# Get info object for name
zinfo = self.getinfo(name)

zef_file.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)

# Skip the file header:
fheader = zef_file.read(sizeFileHeader)
if len(fheader) != sizeFileHeader:
raise BadZipfile("Truncated file header")
fheader = struct.unpack(structFileHeader, fheader)
if fheader[_FH_SIGNATURE] != stringFileHeader:
raise BadZipfile("Bad magic number for file header")

fname = zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_FILENAME_LENGTH])
if fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH]:
zef_file.read(fheader[_FH_EXTRA_FIELD_LENGTH])

if fname != zinfo.orig_filename:
raise BadZipfile, \
'File name in directory "%s" and header "%s" differ.' % (
zinfo.orig_filename, fname)

# check for encrypted flag & handle password
is_encrypted = zinfo.flag_bits & 0x1
zd = None
if is_encrypted:
if not pwd:
pwd = self.pwd
if not pwd:
raise RuntimeError, "File %s is encrypted, " \
"password required for extraction" % name

zd = _ZipDecrypter(pwd)
# The first 12 bytes in the cypher stream is an encryption header
# used to strengthen the algorithm. The first 11 bytes are
# completely random, while the 12th contains the MSB of the CRC,
# or the MSB of the file time depending on the header type
# and is used to check the correctness of the password.
bytes = zef_file.read(12)
h = map(zd, bytes[0:12])
if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x8:
# compare against the file type from extended local headers
check_byte = (zinfo._raw_time >> 8) & 0xff
else:
# compare against the CRC otherwise
check_byte = (zinfo.CRC >> 24) & 0xff
if ord(h[11]) != check_byte:
raise RuntimeError("Bad password for file", name)

return ZipExtFile(zef_file, mode, zinfo, zd,
close_fileobj=should_close)
except:
if should_close:
zef_file.close()
raise

def extract(self, member, path=None, pwd=None):
"""Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
as possible. `member' may be a filename or a ZipInfo object. You can
specify a different directory using `path'.
"""
if not isinstance(member, ZipInfo):
member = self.getinfo(member)

if path is None:
path = os.getcwd()

return self._extract_member(member, path, pwd)

def extractall(self, path=None, members=None, pwd=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory. `path' specifies a different directory to extract to.
`members' is optional and must be a subset of the list returned
by namelist().
"""
if members is None:
members = self.namelist()

for zipinfo in members:
self.extract(zipinfo, path, pwd)

def _extract_member(self, member, targetpath, pwd):
"""Extract the ZipInfo object 'member' to a physical
file on the path targetpath.
"""
# build the destination pathname, replacing
# forward slashes to platform specific separators.
arcname = member.filename.replace('/', os.path.sep)

if os.path.altsep:
arcname = arcname.replace(os.path.altsep, os.path.sep)
# interpret absolute pathname as relative, remove drive letter or
# UNC path, redundant separators, "." and ".." components.
arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1]
arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep)
if x not in ('', os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir))
if os.path.sep == '\\':
# filter illegal characters on Windows
illegal = ':<>|"?*'
if isinstance(arcname, unicode):
table = {ord(c): ord('_') for c in illegal}
else:
table = string.maketrans(illegal, '_' * len(illegal))
arcname = arcname.translate(table)
# remove trailing dots
arcname = (x.rstrip('.') for x in arcname.split(os.path.sep))
arcname = os.path.sep.join(x for x in arcname if x)

targetpath = os.path.join(targetpath, arcname)
targetpath = os.path.normpath(targetpath)

# Create all upper directories if necessary.
upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
os.makedirs(upperdirs)

if member.filename[-1] == '/':
if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
os.mkdir(targetpath)
return targetpath

with self.open(member, pwd=pwd) as source, \
file(targetpath, "wb") as target:
shutil.copyfileobj(source, target)

return targetpath

def _writecheck(self, zinfo):
"""Check for errors before writing a file to the archive."""
if zinfo.filename in self.NameToInfo:
import warnings
warnings.warn('Duplicate name: %r' % zinfo.filename, stacklevel=3)
if self.mode not in ("w", "a"):
raise RuntimeError, 'write() requires mode "w" or "a"'
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Attempt to write ZIP archive that was already closed"
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED and not zlib:
raise RuntimeError, \
"Compression requires the (missing) zlib module"
if zinfo.compress_type not in (ZIP_STORED, ZIP_DEFLATED):
raise RuntimeError, \
"That compression method is not supported"
if not self._allowZip64:
requires_zip64 = None
if len(self.filelist) >= ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Files count"
elif zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Filesize"
elif zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Zipfile size"
if requires_zip64:
raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
" would require ZIP64 extensions")

def write(self, filename, arcname=None, compress_type=None):
"""Put the bytes from filename into the archive under the name
arcname."""
if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError(
"Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")

st = os.stat(filename)
isdir = stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
mtime = time.localtime(st.st_mtime)
date_time = mtime[0:6]
# Create ZipInfo instance to store file information
if arcname is None:
arcname = filename
arcname = os.path.normpath(os.path.splitdrive(arcname)[1])
while arcname[0] in (os.sep, os.altsep):
arcname = arcname[1:]
if isdir:
arcname += '/'
zinfo = ZipInfo(arcname, date_time)
zinfo.external_attr = (st[0] & 0xFFFF) << 16L # Unix attributes
if compress_type is None:
zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
else:
zinfo.compress_type = compress_type

zinfo.file_size = st.st_size
zinfo.flag_bits = 0x00
zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes

self._writecheck(zinfo)
self._didModify = True

if isdir:
zinfo.file_size = 0
zinfo.compress_size = 0
zinfo.CRC = 0
zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag
 self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(False))
return

with open(filename, "rb") as fp:
# Must overwrite CRC and sizes with correct data later
zinfo.CRC = CRC = 0
zinfo.compress_size = compress_size = 0
# Compressed size can be larger than uncompressed size
zip64 = self._allowZip64 and \
zinfo.file_size * 1.05 > ZIP64_LIMIT
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
cmpr = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
else:
cmpr = None
file_size = 0
while 1:
buf = fp.read(1024 * 8)
if not buf:
break
file_size = file_size + len(buf)
CRC = crc32(buf, CRC) & 0xffffffff
if cmpr:
buf = cmpr.compress(buf)
compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
self.fp.write(buf)
if cmpr:
buf = cmpr.flush()
compress_size = compress_size + len(buf)
self.fp.write(buf)
zinfo.compress_size = compress_size
else:
zinfo.compress_size = file_size
zinfo.CRC = CRC
zinfo.file_size = file_size
if not zip64 and self._allowZip64:
if file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
raise RuntimeError('File size has increased during compressing')
if compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
raise RuntimeError('Compressed size larger than uncompressed size')
# Seek backwards and write file header (which will now include
# correct CRC and file sizes)
position = self.fp.tell() # Preserve current position in file
 self.fp.seek(zinfo.header_offset, 0)
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
self.fp.seek(position, 0)
self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo

def writestr(self, zinfo_or_arcname, bytes, compress_type=None):
"""Write a file into the archive. The contents is the string
'bytes'. 'zinfo_or_arcname' is either a ZipInfo instance or
the name of the file in the archive."""
if not isinstance(zinfo_or_arcname, ZipInfo):
zinfo = ZipInfo(filename=zinfo_or_arcname,
date_time=time.localtime(time.time())[:6])

zinfo.compress_type = self.compression
if zinfo.filename[-1] == '/':
zinfo.external_attr = 0o40775 << 16 # drwxrwxr-x
zinfo.external_attr |= 0x10 # MS-DOS directory flag
else:
zinfo.external_attr = 0o600 << 16 # ?rw-------
else:
zinfo = zinfo_or_arcname

if not self.fp:
raise RuntimeError(
"Attempt to write to ZIP archive that was already closed")

if compress_type is not None:
zinfo.compress_type = compress_type

zinfo.file_size = len(bytes) # Uncompressed size
zinfo.header_offset = self.fp.tell() # Start of header bytes
 self._writecheck(zinfo)
self._didModify = True
zinfo.CRC = crc32(bytes) & 0xffffffff # CRC-32 checksum
if zinfo.compress_type == ZIP_DEFLATED:
co = zlib.compressobj(zlib.Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION,
zlib.DEFLATED, -15)
bytes = co.compress(bytes) + co.flush()
zinfo.compress_size = len(bytes) # Compressed size
else:
zinfo.compress_size = zinfo.file_size
zip64 = zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT or \
zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT
if zip64 and not self._allowZip64:
raise LargeZipFile("Filesize would require ZIP64 extensions")
self.fp.write(zinfo.FileHeader(zip64))
self.fp.write(bytes)
if zinfo.flag_bits & 0x08:
# Write CRC and file sizes after the file data
fmt = '<LQQ' if zip64 else '<LLL'
self.fp.write(struct.pack(fmt, zinfo.CRC, zinfo.compress_size,
zinfo.file_size))
self.fp.flush()
self.filelist.append(zinfo)
self.NameToInfo[zinfo.filename] = zinfo

def __del__(self):
"""Call the "close()" method in case the user forgot."""
self.close()

def close(self):
"""Close the file, and for mode "w" and "a" write the ending
records."""
if self.fp is None:
return

try:
if self.mode in ("w", "a") and self._didModify: # write ending records
pos1 = self.fp.tell()
for zinfo in self.filelist: # write central directory
dt = zinfo.date_time
dosdate = (dt[0] - 1980) << 9 | dt[1] << 5 | dt[2]
dostime = dt[3] << 11 | dt[4] << 5 | (dt[5] // 2)
extra = []
if zinfo.file_size > ZIP64_LIMIT \
or zinfo.compress_size > ZIP64_LIMIT:
extra.append(zinfo.file_size)
extra.append(zinfo.compress_size)
file_size = 0xffffffff
compress_size = 0xffffffff
else:
file_size = zinfo.file_size
compress_size = zinfo.compress_size

if zinfo.header_offset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
extra.append(zinfo.header_offset)
header_offset = 0xffffffffL
else:
header_offset = zinfo.header_offset

extra_data = zinfo.extra
if extra:
# Append a ZIP64 field to the extra's
extra_data = struct.pack(
'<HH' + 'Q'*len(extra),
1, 8*len(extra), *extra) + extra_data

extract_version = max(45, zinfo.extract_version)
create_version = max(45, zinfo.create_version)
else:
extract_version = zinfo.extract_version
create_version = zinfo.create_version

try:
filename, flag_bits = zinfo._encodeFilenameFlags()
centdir = struct.pack(structCentralDir,
stringCentralDir, create_version,
zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
len(filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
header_offset)
except DeprecationWarning:
print >>sys.stderr, (structCentralDir,
stringCentralDir, create_version,
zinfo.create_system, extract_version, zinfo.reserved,
zinfo.flag_bits, zinfo.compress_type, dostime, dosdate,
zinfo.CRC, compress_size, file_size,
len(zinfo.filename), len(extra_data), len(zinfo.comment),
0, zinfo.internal_attr, zinfo.external_attr,
header_offset)
raise
self.fp.write(centdir)
self.fp.write(filename)
self.fp.write(extra_data)
self.fp.write(zinfo.comment)

pos2 = self.fp.tell()
# Write end-of-zip-archive record
centDirCount = len(self.filelist)
centDirSize = pos2 - pos1
centDirOffset = pos1
requires_zip64 = None
if centDirCount > ZIP_FILECOUNT_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Files count"
elif centDirOffset > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Central directory offset"
elif centDirSize > ZIP64_LIMIT:
requires_zip64 = "Central directory size"
if requires_zip64:
# Need to write the ZIP64 end-of-archive records
if not self._allowZip64:
raise LargeZipFile(requires_zip64 +
" would require ZIP64 extensions")
zip64endrec = struct.pack(
structEndArchive64, stringEndArchive64,
44, 45, 45, 0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
centDirSize, centDirOffset)
self.fp.write(zip64endrec)

zip64locrec = struct.pack(
structEndArchive64Locator,
stringEndArchive64Locator, 0, pos2, 1)
self.fp.write(zip64locrec)
centDirCount = min(centDirCount, 0xFFFF)
centDirSize = min(centDirSize, 0xFFFFFFFF)
centDirOffset = min(centDirOffset, 0xFFFFFFFF)

endrec = struct.pack(structEndArchive, stringEndArchive,
0, 0, centDirCount, centDirCount,
centDirSize, centDirOffset, len(self._comment))
self.fp.write(endrec)
self.fp.write(self._comment)
self.fp.flush()
finally:
fp = self.fp
self.fp = None
if not self._filePassed:
fp.close()</pre>
</div>
ZipFile</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('386e503f-3b78-4999-b634-5cea354659f9')"><img id="code_img_closed_386e503f-3b78-4999-b634-5cea354659f9" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_386e503f-3b78-4999-b634-5cea354659f9" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('386e503f-3b78-4999-b634-5cea354659f9',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_386e503f-3b78-4999-b634-5cea354659f9" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre>class TarFile(object):
"""The TarFile Class provides an interface to tar archives.
"""

debug = 0 # May be set from 0 (no msgs) to 3 (all msgs)

dereference = False # If true, add content of linked file to the
# tar file, else the link.

ignore_zeros = False # If true, skips empty or invalid blocks and
# continues processing.

errorlevel = 1 # If 0, fatal errors only appear in debug
# messages (if debug >= 0). If > 0, errors
# are passed to the caller as exceptions.

format = DEFAULT_FORMAT # The format to use when creating an archive.

encoding = ENCODING # Encoding for 8-bit character strings.

errors = None # Error handler for unicode conversion.

tarinfo = TarInfo # The default TarInfo class to use.

fileobject = ExFileObject # The default ExFileObject class to use.

def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
errors=None, pax_headers=None, debug=None, errorlevel=None):
"""Open an (uncompressed) tar archive `name'. `mode' is either 'r' to
read from an existing archive, 'a' to append data to an existing
file or 'w' to create a new file overwriting an existing one. `mode'
defaults to 'r'.
If `fileobj' is given, it is used for reading or writing data. If it
can be determined, `mode' is overridden by `fileobj's mode.
`fileobj' is not closed, when TarFile is closed.
"""
modes = {"r": "rb", "a": "r+b", "w": "wb"}
if mode not in modes:
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
self.mode = mode
self._mode = modes[mode]

if not fileobj:
if self.mode == "a" and not os.path.exists(name):
# Create nonexistent files in append mode.
self.mode = "w"
self._mode = "wb"
fileobj = bltn_open(name, self._mode)
self._extfileobj = False
else:
if name is None and hasattr(fileobj, "name"):
name = fileobj.name
if hasattr(fileobj, "mode"):
self._mode = fileobj.mode
self._extfileobj = True
self.name = os.path.abspath(name) if name else None
self.fileobj = fileobj

# Init attributes.
if format is not None:
self.format = format
if tarinfo is not None:
self.tarinfo = tarinfo
if dereference is not None:
self.dereference = dereference
if ignore_zeros is not None:
self.ignore_zeros = ignore_zeros
if encoding is not None:
self.encoding = encoding

if errors is not None:
self.errors = errors
elif mode == "r":
self.errors = "utf-8"
else:
self.errors = "strict"

if pax_headers is not None and self.format == PAX_FORMAT:
self.pax_headers = pax_headers
else:
self.pax_headers = {}

if debug is not None:
self.debug = debug
if errorlevel is not None:
self.errorlevel = errorlevel

# Init datastructures.
self.closed = False
self.members = [] # list of members as TarInfo objects
self._loaded = False # flag if all members have been read
self.offset = self.fileobj.tell()
# current position in the archive file
self.inodes = {} # dictionary caching the inodes of
# archive members already added

try:
if self.mode == "r":
self.firstmember = None
self.firstmember = self.next()

if self.mode == "a":
# Move to the end of the archive,
# before the first empty block.
while True:
self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
try:
tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
self.members.append(tarinfo)
except EOFHeaderError:
self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
break
except HeaderError, e:
raise ReadError(str(e))

if self.mode in "aw":
self._loaded = True

if self.pax_headers:
buf = self.tarinfo.create_pax_global_header(self.pax_headers.copy())
self.fileobj.write(buf)
self.offset += len(buf)
except:
if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True
raise

def _getposix(self):
return self.format == USTAR_FORMAT
def _setposix(self, value):
import warnings
warnings.warn("use the format attribute instead", DeprecationWarning,
2)
if value:
self.format = USTAR_FORMAT
else:
self.format = GNU_FORMAT
posix = property(_getposix, _setposix)

#--------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Below are the classmethods which act as alternate constructors to the
# TarFile class. The open() method is the only one that is needed for
# public use; it is the "super"-constructor and is able to select an
# adequate "sub"-constructor for a particular compression using the mapping
# from OPEN_METH.
#
 # This concept allows one to subclass TarFile without losing the comfort of
# the super-constructor. A sub-constructor is registered and made available
# by adding it to the mapping in OPEN_METH.

@classmethod
def open(cls, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, bufsize=RECORDSIZE, **kwargs):
"""Open a tar archive for reading, writing or appending. Return
an appropriate TarFile class.

mode:
'r' or 'r:*' open for reading with transparent compression
'r:' open for reading exclusively uncompressed
'r:gz' open for reading with gzip compression
'r:bz2' open for reading with bzip2 compression
'a' or 'a:' open for appending, creating the file if necessary
'w' or 'w:' open for writing without compression
'w:gz' open for writing with gzip compression
'w:bz2' open for writing with bzip2 compression

'r|*' open a stream of tar blocks with transparent compression
'r|' open an uncompressed stream of tar blocks for reading
'r|gz' open a gzip compressed stream of tar blocks
'r|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream of tar blocks
'w|' open an uncompressed stream for writing
'w|gz' open a gzip compressed stream for writing
'w|bz2' open a bzip2 compressed stream for writing
"""

if not name and not fileobj:
raise ValueError("nothing to open")

if mode in ("r", "r:*"):
# Find out which *open() is appropriate for opening the file.
for comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
if fileobj is not None:
saved_pos = fileobj.tell()
try:
return func(name, "r", fileobj, **kwargs)
except (ReadError, CompressionError), e:
if fileobj is not None:
fileobj.seek(saved_pos)
continue
raise ReadError("file could not be opened successfully")

elif ":" in mode:
filemode, comptype = mode.split(":", 1)
filemode = filemode or "r"
comptype = comptype or "tar"

# Select the *open() function according to
# given compression.
if comptype in cls.OPEN_METH:
func = getattr(cls, cls.OPEN_METH[comptype])
else:
raise CompressionError("unknown compression type %r" % comptype)
return func(name, filemode, fileobj, **kwargs)

elif "|" in mode:
filemode, comptype = mode.split("|", 1)
filemode = filemode or "r"
comptype = comptype or "tar"

if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")

stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
try:
t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
except:
stream.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t

elif mode in ("a", "w"):
return cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)

raise ValueError("undiscernible mode")

@classmethod
def taropen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, **kwargs):
"""Open uncompressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "a", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'a' or 'w'")
return cls(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)

@classmethod
def gzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
"""Open gzip compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
Appending is not allowed.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")

try:
import gzip
gzip.GzipFile
except (ImportError, AttributeError):
raise CompressionError("gzip module is not available")

try:
fileobj = gzip.GzipFile(name, mode, compresslevel, fileobj)
except OSError:
if fileobj is not None and mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
raise

try:
t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
except IOError:
fileobj.close()
if mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a gzip file")
raise
except:
fileobj.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t

@classmethod
def bz2open(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, compresslevel=9, **kwargs):
"""Open bzip2 compressed tar archive name for reading or writing.
Appending is not allowed.
"""
if mode not in ("r", "w"):
raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'.")

try:
import bz2
except ImportError:
raise CompressionError("bz2 module is not available")

if fileobj is not None:
fileobj = _BZ2Proxy(fileobj, mode)
else:
fileobj = bz2.BZ2File(name, mode, compresslevel=compresslevel)

try:
t = cls.taropen(name, mode, fileobj, **kwargs)
except (IOError, EOFError):
fileobj.close()
if mode == 'r':
raise ReadError("not a bzip2 file")
raise
except:
fileobj.close()
raise
t._extfileobj = False
return t

# All *open() methods are registered here.
OPEN_METH = {
"tar": "taropen", # uncompressed tar
"gz": "gzopen", # gzip compressed tar
"bz2": "bz2open" # bzip2 compressed tar
 }

def close(self):
"""Close the TarFile. In write-mode, two finishing zero blocks are
appended to the archive.
"""
if self.closed:
return

if self.mode in "aw":
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE * 2))
self.offset += (BLOCKSIZE * 2)
# fill up the end with zero-blocks
# (like option -b20 for tar does)
blocks, remainder = divmod(self.offset, RECORDSIZE)
if remainder > 0:
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (RECORDSIZE - remainder))

if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True

def getmember(self, name):
"""Return a TarInfo object for member `name'. If `name' can not be
found in the archive, KeyError is raised. If a member occurs more
than once in the archive, its last occurrence is assumed to be the
most up-to-date version.
"""
tarinfo = self._getmember(name)
if tarinfo is None:
raise KeyError("filename %r not found" % name)
return tarinfo

def getmembers(self):
"""Return the members of the archive as a list of TarInfo objects. The
list has the same order as the members in the archive.
"""
self._check()
if not self._loaded: # if we want to obtain a list of
self._load() # all members, we first have to
# scan the whole archive.
return self.members

def getnames(self):
"""Return the members of the archive as a list of their names. It has
the same order as the list returned by getmembers().
"""
return [tarinfo.name for tarinfo in self.getmembers()]

def gettarinfo(self, name=None, arcname=None, fileobj=None):
"""Create a TarInfo object for either the file `name' or the file
object `fileobj' (using os.fstat on its file descriptor). You can
modify some of the TarInfo's attributes before you add it using
addfile(). If given, `arcname' specifies an alternative name for the
file in the archive.
"""
self._check("aw")

# When fileobj is given, replace name by
# fileobj's real name.
if fileobj is not None:
name = fileobj.name

# Building the name of the member in the archive.
# Backward slashes are converted to forward slashes,
# Absolute paths are turned to relative paths.
if arcname is None:
arcname = name
drv, arcname = os.path.splitdrive(arcname)
arcname = arcname.replace(os.sep, "/")
arcname = arcname.lstrip("/")

# Now, fill the TarInfo object with
# information specific for the file.
tarinfo = self.tarinfo()
tarinfo.tarfile = self

# Use os.stat or os.lstat, depending on platform
# and if symlinks shall be resolved.
if fileobj is None:
if hasattr(os, "lstat") and not self.dereference:
statres = os.lstat(name)
else:
statres = os.stat(name)
else:
statres = os.fstat(fileobj.fileno())
linkname = ""

stmd = statres.st_mode
if stat.S_ISREG(stmd):
inode = (statres.st_ino, statres.st_dev)
if not self.dereference and statres.st_nlink > 1 and \
inode in self.inodes and arcname != self.inodes[inode]:
# Is it a hardlink to an already
# archived file?
type = LNKTYPE
linkname = self.inodes[inode]
else:
# The inode is added only if its valid.
# For win32 it is always 0.
type = REGTYPE
if inode[0]:
self.inodes[inode] = arcname
elif stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
type = DIRTYPE
elif stat.S_ISFIFO(stmd):
type = FIFOTYPE
elif stat.S_ISLNK(stmd):
type = SYMTYPE
linkname = os.readlink(name)
elif stat.S_ISCHR(stmd):
type = CHRTYPE
elif stat.S_ISBLK(stmd):
type = BLKTYPE
else:
return None

# Fill the TarInfo object with all
# information we can get.
tarinfo.name = arcname
tarinfo.mode = stmd
tarinfo.uid = statres.st_uid
tarinfo.gid = statres.st_gid
if type == REGTYPE:
tarinfo.size = statres.st_size
else:
tarinfo.size = 0L
tarinfo.mtime = statres.st_mtime
tarinfo.type = type
tarinfo.linkname = linkname
if pwd:
try:
tarinfo.uname = pwd.getpwuid(tarinfo.uid)[0]
except KeyError:
pass
if grp:
try:
tarinfo.gname = grp.getgrgid(tarinfo.gid)[0]
except KeyError:
pass

if type in (CHRTYPE, BLKTYPE):
if hasattr(os, "major") and hasattr(os, "minor"):
tarinfo.devmajor = os.major(statres.st_rdev)
tarinfo.devminor = os.minor(statres.st_rdev)
return tarinfo

def list(self, verbose=True):
"""Print a table of contents to sys.stdout. If `verbose' is False, only
the names of the members are printed. If it is True, an `ls -l'-like
output is produced.
"""
self._check()

for tarinfo in self:
if verbose:
print filemode(tarinfo.mode),
print "%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid),
if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
print "%10s" % ("%d,%d" \
% (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)),
else:
print "%10d" % tarinfo.size,
print "%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
% time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6],

print tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""),

if verbose:
if tarinfo.issym():
print "->", tarinfo.linkname,
if tarinfo.islnk():
print "link to", tarinfo.linkname,
print

def add(self, name, arcname=None, recursive=True, exclude=None, filter=None):
"""Add the file `name' to the archive. `name' may be any type of file
(directory, fifo, symbolic link, etc.). If given, `arcname'
specifies an alternative name for the file in the archive.
Directories are added recursively by default. This can be avoided by
setting `recursive' to False. `exclude' is a function that should
return True for each filename to be excluded. `filter' is a function
that expects a TarInfo object argument and returns the changed
TarInfo object, if it returns None the TarInfo object will be
excluded from the archive.
"""
self._check("aw")

if arcname is None:
arcname = name

# Exclude pathnames.
if exclude is not None:
import warnings
warnings.warn("use the filter argument instead",
DeprecationWarning, 2)
if exclude(name):
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
return

# Skip if somebody tries to archive the archive...
if self.name is not None and os.path.abspath(name) == self.name:
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Skipped %r" % name)
return

self._dbg(1, name)

# Create a TarInfo object from the file.
tarinfo = self.gettarinfo(name, arcname)

if tarinfo is None:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unsupported type %r" % name)
return

# Change or exclude the TarInfo object.
if filter is not None:
tarinfo = filter(tarinfo)
if tarinfo is None:
self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % name)
return

# Append the tar header and data to the archive.
if tarinfo.isreg():
with bltn_open(name, "rb") as f:
self.addfile(tarinfo, f)

elif tarinfo.isdir():
self.addfile(tarinfo)
if recursive:
for f in os.listdir(name):
self.add(os.path.join(name, f), os.path.join(arcname, f),
recursive, exclude, filter)

else:
self.addfile(tarinfo)

def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
"""Add the TarInfo object `tarinfo' to the archive. If `fileobj' is
given, tarinfo.size bytes are read from it and added to the archive.
You can create TarInfo objects using gettarinfo().
On Windows platforms, `fileobj' should always be opened with mode
'rb' to avoid irritation about the file size.
"""
self._check("aw")

tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)

buf = tarinfo.tobuf(self.format, self.encoding, self.errors)
self.fileobj.write(buf)
self.offset += len(buf)

# If there's data to follow, append it.
if fileobj is not None:
copyfileobj(fileobj, self.fileobj, tarinfo.size)
blocks, remainder = divmod(tarinfo.size, BLOCKSIZE)
if remainder > 0:
self.fileobj.write(NUL * (BLOCKSIZE - remainder))
blocks += 1
self.offset += blocks * BLOCKSIZE

self.members.append(tarinfo)

def extractall(self, path=".", members=None):
"""Extract all members from the archive to the current working
directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
list returned by getmembers().
"""
directories = []

if members is None:
members = self

for tarinfo in members:
if tarinfo.isdir():
# Extract directories with a safe mode.
 directories.append(tarinfo)
tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
tarinfo.mode = 0700
self.extract(tarinfo, path)

# Reverse sort directories.
directories.sort(key=operator.attrgetter('name'))
directories.reverse()

# Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
for tarinfo in directories:
dirpath = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name)
try:
self.chown(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
except ExtractError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)

def extract(self, member, path=""):
"""Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
specify a different directory using `path'.
"""
self._check("r")

if isinstance(member, basestring):
tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
else:
tarinfo = member

# Prepare the link target for makelink().
if tarinfo.islnk():
tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)

try:
self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name))
except EnvironmentError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 0:
raise
else:
if e.filename is None:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
except ExtractError, e:
if self.errorlevel > 1:
raise
else:
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)

def extractfile(self, member):
"""Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
a filename or a TarInfo object. If `member' is a regular file, a
file-like object is returned. If `member' is a link, a file-like
object is constructed from the link's target. If `member' is none of
the above, None is returned.
The file-like object is read-only and provides the following
methods: read(), readline(), readlines(), seek() and tell()
"""
self._check("r")

if tarinfo.isreg():
return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)

elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
# If a member's type is unknown, it is treated as a
# regular file.
return self.fileobject(self, tarinfo)

elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
if isinstance(self.fileobj, _Stream):
# A small but ugly workaround for the case that someone tries
# to extract a (sym)link as a file-object from a non-seekable
# stream of tar blocks.
raise StreamError("cannot extract (sym)link as file object")
else:
# A (sym)link's file object is its target's file object.
return self.extractfile(self._find_link_target(tarinfo))
else:
# If there's no data associated with the member (directory, chrdev,
# blkdev, etc.), return None instead of a file object.
return None

def _extract_member(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Extract the TarInfo object tarinfo to a physical
file called targetpath.
"""
# Fetch the TarInfo object for the given name
# and build the destination pathname, replacing
# forward slashes to platform specific separators.
targetpath = targetpath.rstrip("/")
targetpath = targetpath.replace("/", os.sep)

# Create all upper directories.
upperdirs = os.path.dirname(targetpath)
if upperdirs and not os.path.exists(upperdirs):
# Create directories that are not part of the archive with
# default permissions.
 os.makedirs(upperdirs)

if tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
self._dbg(1, "%s -> %s" % (tarinfo.name, tarinfo.linkname))
else:
self._dbg(1, tarinfo.name)

if tarinfo.isreg():
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.isdir():
self.makedir(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.isfifo():
self.makefifo(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
self.makedev(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.islnk() or tarinfo.issym():
self.makelink(tarinfo, targetpath)
elif tarinfo.type not in SUPPORTED_TYPES:
self.makeunknown(tarinfo, targetpath)
else:
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)

self.chown(tarinfo, targetpath)
if not tarinfo.issym():
self.chmod(tarinfo, targetpath)
self.utime(tarinfo, targetpath)

def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a directory called targetpath.
"""
try:
# Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
# later in _extract_member().
os.mkdir(targetpath, 0700)
except EnvironmentError, e:
if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
raise

def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a file called targetpath.
"""
source = self.extractfile(tarinfo)
try:
with bltn_open(targetpath, "wb") as target:
copyfileobj(source, target)
finally:
source.close()

def makeunknown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a file from a TarInfo object with an unknown type
at targetpath.
"""
self.makefile(tarinfo, targetpath)
self._dbg(1, "tarfile: Unknown file type %r, " \
"extracted as regular file." % tarinfo.type)

def makefifo(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a fifo called targetpath.
"""
if hasattr(os, "mkfifo"):
os.mkfifo(targetpath)
else:
raise ExtractError("fifo not supported by system")

def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a character or block device called targetpath.
"""
if not hasattr(os, "mknod") or not hasattr(os, "makedev"):
raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")

mode = tarinfo.mode
if tarinfo.isblk():
mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
else:
mode |= stat.S_IFCHR

os.mknod(targetpath, mode,
os.makedev(tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor))

def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Make a (symbolic) link called targetpath. If it cannot be created
(platform limitation), we try to make a copy of the referenced file
instead of a link.
"""
if hasattr(os, "symlink") and hasattr(os, "link"):
# For systems that support symbolic and hard links.
if tarinfo.issym():
if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
os.unlink(targetpath)
os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
else:
# See extract().
if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
if os.path.lexists(targetpath):
os.unlink(targetpath)
os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
else:
self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
else:
try:
self._extract_member(self._find_link_target(tarinfo), targetpath)
except KeyError:
raise ExtractError("unable to resolve link inside archive")

def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set owner of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if pwd and hasattr(os, "geteuid") and os.geteuid() == 0:
# We have to be root to do so.
try:
g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
except KeyError:
g = tarinfo.gid
try:
u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
except KeyError:
u = tarinfo.uid
try:
if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
else:
if sys.platform != "os2emx":
os.chown(targetpath, u, g)
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change owner")

def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if hasattr(os, 'chmod'):
try:
os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change mode")

def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
"""Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
"""
if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
return
try:
os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
except EnvironmentError, e:
raise ExtractError("could not change modification time")

# Read the next block.
 self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)
tarinfo = None
while True:
try:
tarinfo = self.tarinfo.fromtarfile(self)
except EOFHeaderError, e:
if self.ignore_zeros:
self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
continue
except InvalidHeaderError, e:
if self.ignore_zeros:
self._dbg(2, "0x%X: %s" % (self.offset, e))
self.offset += BLOCKSIZE
continue
elif self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError(str(e))
except EmptyHeaderError:
if self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError("empty file")
except TruncatedHeaderError, e:
if self.offset == 0:
raise ReadError(str(e))
except SubsequentHeaderError, e:
raise ReadError(str(e))
break

if tarinfo is not None:
self.members.append(tarinfo)
else:
self._loaded = True

return tarinfo

def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
"""Find an archive member by name from bottom to top.
If tarinfo is given, it is used as the starting point.
"""
# Ensure that all members have been loaded.
members = self.getmembers()

# Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
if tarinfo is not None:
members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]

if normalize:
name = os.path.normpath(name)

for member in reversed(members):
if normalize:
member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
else:
member_name = member.name

if name == member_name:
return member

def _load(self):
"""Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
members.
"""
while True:
tarinfo = self.next()
if tarinfo is None:
break
self._loaded = True

def _check(self, mode=None):
"""Check if TarFile is still open, and if the operation's mode
corresponds to TarFile's mode.
"""
if self.closed:
raise IOError("%s is closed" % self.__class__.__name__)
if mode is not None and self.mode not in mode:
raise IOError("bad operation for mode %r" % self.mode)

def _find_link_target(self, tarinfo):
"""Find the target member of a symlink or hardlink member in the
archive.
"""
if tarinfo.issym():
# Always search the entire archive.
linkname = "/".join(filter(None, (os.path.dirname(tarinfo.name), tarinfo.linkname)))
limit = None
else:
# Search the archive before the link, because a hard link is
# just a reference to an already archived file.
linkname = tarinfo.linkname
limit = tarinfo

member = self._getmember(linkname, tarinfo=limit, normalize=True)
if member is None:
raise KeyError("linkname %r not found" % linkname)
return member

def __iter__(self):
"""Provide an iterator object.
"""
if self._loaded:
return iter(self.members)
else:
return TarIter(self)

def _dbg(self, level, msg):
"""Write debugging output to sys.stderr.
"""
if level <= self.debug:
print >> sys.stderr, msg

def __enter__(self):
self._check()
return self

def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
if type is None:
self.close()
else:
# An exception occurred. We must not call close() because
# it would try to write end-of-archive blocks and padding.
if not self._extfileobj:
self.fileobj.close()
self.closed = True
# class TarFile</pre>
</div>
TarFile </div>
七、ConfigParser
用于对特定的配置进行操作，当前模块的名称在 python 3.x 版本中变更为 configparser。
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_311582" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python comments"># 注释1</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">; 注释</code><code class="python value">2</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"> </div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">[section1]</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python plain">k1 </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">v1</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python plain">k2:v2</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"> </div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python plain">[section2]</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python plain">k1 </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">v1</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_674463" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2">15</div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1">16</div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2">17</div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1">18</div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2">19</div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1">20</div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2">21</div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1">22</div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2">23</div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1">24</div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2">25</div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1">26</div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2">27</div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1">28</div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2">29</div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1">30</div><div class="line number31 index30 alt2">31</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">ConfigParser</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python plain">config </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">ConfigParser.ConfigParser()</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">config.read(</code><code class="python string">'i.cfg'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"> </div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python comments"># ########## 读 ##########</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python comments">#secs = config.sections()</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python comments">#print secs</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python comments">#options = config.options('group2')</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="python comments">#print options</code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"> </div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="python comments">#item_list = config.items('group2')</code></div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="python comments">#print item_list</code></div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"> </div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="python comments">#val = config.get('group1','key')</code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="python comments">#val = config.getint('group1','key')</code></div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"> </div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"><code class="python comments"># ########## 改写 ##########</code></div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="python comments">#sec = config.remove_section('group1')</code></div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="python comments">#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))</code></div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2"> </div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1"><code class="python comments">#sec = config.has_section('wupeiqi')</code></div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2"><code class="python comments">#sec = config.add_section('wupeiqi')</code></div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="python comments">#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))</code></div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2"> </div><div class="line number26 index25 alt1"> </div><div class="line number27 index26 alt2"><code class="python comments">#config.set('group2','k1',11111)</code></div><div class="line number28 index27 alt1"><code class="python comments">#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))</code></div><div class="line number29 index28 alt2"> </div><div class="line number30 index29 alt1"><code class="python comments">#config.remove_option('group2','age')</code></div><div class="line number31 index30 alt2"><code class="python comments">#config.write(open('i.cfg', "w"))</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
八、logging
用于便捷记录日志且线程安全的模块
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_364925" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">logging</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"> </div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"> </div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">logging.basicConfig(filename</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python string">'log.log'</code><code class="python plain">,</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python spaces">                    </code><code class="python functions">format</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python string">'%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s -%(module)s:  %(message)s'</code><code class="python plain">,</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python spaces">                    </code><code class="python plain">datefmt</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python string">'%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %p'</code><code class="python plain">,</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python spaces">                    </code><code class="python plain">level</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python value">10</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"> </div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python plain">logging.debug(</code><code class="python string">'debug'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="python plain">logging.info(</code><code class="python string">'info'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="python plain">logging.warning(</code><code class="python string">'warning'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="python plain">logging.error(</code><code class="python string">'error'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="python plain">logging.critical(</code><code class="python string">'critical'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="python plain">logging.log(</code><code class="python value">10</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python string">'log'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
对于等级：
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_955981" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">CRITICAL </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">50</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">FATAL </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">CRITICAL</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python plain">ERROR </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">40</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python plain">WARNING </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">30</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python plain">WARN </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">WARNING</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python plain">INFO </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">20</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python plain">DEBUG </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">10</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python plain">NOTSET </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python value">0</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
</div>
只有大于当前日志等级的操作才会被记录。
对于格式，有如下属性可是配置：
<img src="https://images2015.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201511/425762-20151121233619577-1645688724.png" alt="" width="677" height="332">
九、time
时间相关的操作，时间有三种表示方式：
<ul>
<li>时间戳               1970年1月1日之后的秒，即：time.time()</li>
<li>格式化的字符串    2014-11-11 11:11，    即：time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')</li>
<li>结构化时间          元组包含了：年、日、星期等... time.struct_time    即：time.localtime()</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_190403" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2">11</div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1">12</div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2">13</div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1">14</div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2">15</div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1">16</div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2">17</div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1">18</div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2">19</div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1">20</div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2">21</div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1">22</div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2">23</div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1">24</div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2">25</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.time()</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.mktime(time.localtime())</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python spaces"> </code> </div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.gmtime()    </code><code class="python comments">#可加时间戳参数</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.localtime() </code><code class="python comments">#可加时间戳参数</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.strptime(</code><code class="python string">'2014-11-11'</code><code class="python plain">, </code><code class="python string">'%Y-%m-%d'</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python spaces"> </code> </div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.strftime(</code><code class="python string">'%Y-%m-%d'</code><code class="python plain">) </code><code class="python comments">#默认当前时间</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.strftime(</code><code class="python string">'%Y-%m-%d'</code><code class="python plain">,time.localtime()) </code><code class="python comments">#默认当前时间</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.asctime()</code></div><div class="line number11 index10 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.asctime(time.localtime())</code></div><div class="line number12 index11 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">time.ctime(time.time())</code></div><div class="line number13 index12 alt2"><code class="python spaces"> </code> </div><div class="line number14 index13 alt1"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">datetime</code></div><div class="line number15 index14 alt2"><code class="python comments">'''</code></div><div class="line number16 index15 alt1"><code class="python comments">datetime.date：表示日期的类。常用的属性有year, month, day</code></div><div class="line number17 index16 alt2"><code class="python comments">datetime.time：表示时间的类。常用的属性有hour, minute, second, microsecond</code></div><div class="line number18 index17 alt1"><code class="python comments">datetime.datetime：表示日期时间</code></div><div class="line number19 index18 alt2"><code class="python comments">datetime.timedelta：表示时间间隔，即两个时间点之间的长度</code></div><div class="line number20 index19 alt1"><code class="python comments">timedelta([days[, seconds[, microseconds[, milliseconds[, minutes[, hours[, weeks]]]]]]])</code></div><div class="line number21 index20 alt2"><code class="python comments">strftime("%Y-%m-%d")</code></div><div class="line number22 index21 alt1"><code class="python comments">'''</code></div><div class="line number23 index22 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">datetime</code></div><div class="line number24 index23 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">datetime.datetime.now()</code></div><div class="line number25 index24 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">datetime.datetime.now() </code><code class="python keyword">-</code> <code class="python plain">datetime.timedelta(days</code><code class="python keyword">=</code><code class="python value">5</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
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 <img src="https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201412/182222027044557.png" alt="" width="573" height="255">
<img src="https://images0.cnblogs.com/blog/425762/201412/182222117511121.png" alt="">
十、re 
re模块用于对python的正则表达式的操作。
字符：
　　. 匹配除换行符以外的任意字符 　　\w 匹配字母或数字或下划线或汉字 　　\s 匹配任意的空白符 　　\d 匹配数字 　　\b 匹配单词的开始或结束 　　^ 匹配字符串的开始 　　$ 匹配字符串的结束
次数：
　　* 重复零次或更多次 　　+ 重复一次或更多次 　　? 重复零次或一次 　　{n} 重复n次 　　{n,} 重复n次或更多次 　　{n,m} 重复n到m次
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>IP：
^(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)(\.(25[0-5]|2[0-4]\d|[0-1]?\d?\d)){3}$
手机号：
^1[3|4|5|8][0-9]\d{8}$</pre>
</div>
1、match(pattern, string, flags=0)
从起始位置开始根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
<ul>
<li>正则表达式</li>
<li>要匹配的字符串</li>
<li>标志位，用于控制正则表达式的匹配方式</li>
</ul>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>import re

obj = re.match('\d+', '123uuasf')
if obj:
print obj.group()</pre>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code" onclick="cnblogs_code_show('b2328c8f-82fc-46f1-a56a-1fd295c962bd')"><img id="code_img_closed_b2328c8f-82fc-46f1-a56a-1fd295c962bd" class="code_img_closed" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif" alt=""><img id="code_img_opened_b2328c8f-82fc-46f1-a56a-1fd295c962bd" class="code_img_opened" style="display: none;" onclick="cnblogs_code_hide('b2328c8f-82fc-46f1-a56a-1fd295c962bd',event)" src="https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ExpandedBlockStart.gif" alt="">
<div id="cnblogs_code_open_b2328c8f-82fc-46f1-a56a-1fd295c962bd" class="cnblogs_code_hide">
<pre># flags
I = IGNORECASE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
L = LOCALE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
U = UNICODE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode locale
M = MULTILINE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
S = DOTALL = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
X = VERBOSE = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments</pre>
</div>
flags</div>
2、search(pattern, string, flags=0)
根据模型去字符串中匹配指定内容，匹配单个
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>import re

obj = re.search('\d+', 'u123uu888asf')
if obj:
print obj.group()</pre>
</div>
3、group和groups
<div class="cnblogs_code"><div class="cnblogs_code_toolbar"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="copyCnblogsCode(this)" title="复制代码"><img src="//common.cnblogs.com/images/copycode.gif" alt="复制代码"></a></div>
<pre>a = "123abc456"
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group()

print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(0)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(1)
print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).group(2)

print re.search("([0-9]*)([a-z]*)([0-9]*)", a).groups()</pre>
<div class="cnblogs_code_toolbar"><a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="copyCnblogsCode(this)" title="复制代码"><img src="//common.cnblogs.com/images/copycode.gif" alt="复制代码"></a></div></div>
4、findall(pattern, string, flags=0)
上述两中方式均用于匹配单值，即：只能匹配字符串中的一个，如果想要匹配到字符串中所有符合条件的元素，则需要使用 findall。
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>import re

obj = re.findall('\d+', 'fa123uu888asf')
print obj</pre>
</div>
5、sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)
用于替换匹配的字符串
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>content = "123abc456"
new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content)
# new_content = re.sub('\d+', 'sb', content, 1)
print new_content</pre>
</div>
相比于str.replace功能更加强大
6、split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)
根据指定匹配进行分组
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"
new_content = re.split('\*', content)
# new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1)
print new_content</pre>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>content = "'1 - 2 * ((60-30+1*(9-2*5/3+7/3*99/4*2998+10*568/14))-(-4*3)/(16-3*2) )'"
new_content = re.split('[\+\-\*\/]+', content)
# new_content = re.split('\*', content, 1)
print new_content</pre>
</div>
<div class="cnblogs_code">
<pre>inpp = '1-2*((60-30 +(-40-5)*(9-2*5/3 + 7 /3*99/4*2998 +10 * 568/14 )) - (-4*3)/ (16-3*2))'
inpp = re.sub('\s*','',inpp)
new_content = re.split('$([\+\-\*\/]?\d+[\+\-\*\/]?\d+){1}$', inpp, 1)
print new_content</pre>
</div>
相比于str.split更加强大  
实例：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/articles/4949995.html" target="_blank">计算器源码</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
</div>
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
十一、random
随机数
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_620228" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python plain">mport random</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">random.random()</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">random.randint(</code><code class="python value">1</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python value">2</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">random.randrange(</code><code class="python value">1</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python value">10</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
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随机验证码实例：
<div class="cnblogs_Highlighter sh-gutter">
<div><div id="highlighter_471157" class="syntaxhighlighter python"><div class="toolbar"><a href="#" class="toolbar_item command_help help">?</a></div><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td class="gutter"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2">1</div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1">2</div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2">3</div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1">4</div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2">5</div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1">6</div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2">7</div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1">8</div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2">9</div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1">10</div></td><td class="code"><div class="container"><div class="line number1 index0 alt2"><code class="python keyword">import</code> <code class="python plain">random</code></div><div class="line number2 index1 alt1"><code class="python plain">checkcode </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">''</code></div><div class="line number3 index2 alt2"><code class="python keyword">for</code> <code class="python plain">i </code><code class="python keyword">in</code> <code class="python functions">range</code><code class="python plain">(</code><code class="python value">4</code><code class="python plain">):</code></div><div class="line number4 index3 alt1"><code class="python spaces">    </code><code class="python plain">current </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">random.randrange(</code><code class="python value">0</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python value">4</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number5 index4 alt2"><code class="python spaces">    </code><code class="python keyword">if</code> <code class="python plain">current !</code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">i:</code></div><div class="line number6 index5 alt1"><code class="python spaces">        </code><code class="python plain">temp </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python functions">chr</code><code class="python plain">(random.randint(</code><code class="python value">65</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python value">90</code><code class="python plain">))</code></div><div class="line number7 index6 alt2"><code class="python spaces">    </code><code class="python keyword">else</code><code class="python plain">:</code></div><div class="line number8 index7 alt1"><code class="python spaces">        </code><code class="python plain">temp </code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python plain">random.randint(</code><code class="python value">0</code><code class="python plain">,</code><code class="python value">9</code><code class="python plain">)</code></div><div class="line number9 index8 alt2"><code class="python spaces">    </code><code class="python plain">checkcode </code><code class="python keyword">+</code><code class="python keyword">=</code> <code class="python functions">str</code><code class="python plain">(temp)</code></div><div class="line number10 index9 alt1"><code class="python functions">print</code> <code class="python plain">checkcode</code></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
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作者：<a href="http://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/" target="_blank">武沛齐</a> 
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<a href="#3352507" class="layer">#3楼</a><a name="3352507" id="comment_anchor_3352507"></a> 2016-01-22 14:55 <a id="a_comment_author_3352507" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/789310/" target="_blank">Eric_Young</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Eric_Young" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3367007" class="layer">#4楼</a><a name="3367007" id="comment_anchor_3367007"></a> 2016-02-25 23:37 <a id="a_comment_author_3367007" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/875872/" target="_blank">cuiwenjuan</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/cuiwenjuan" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3367007" class="blog_comment_body">写博客是一种习惯么，我怎么就没有这种习惯呢</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3367007,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3367007,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3367117" class="layer">#5楼</a><a name="3367117" id="comment_anchor_3367117"></a>[楼主] 2016-02-26 10:19 <a id="a_comment_author_3367117" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/" target="_blank">武沛齐</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B2%9B%E9%BD%90" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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cuiwenjuan 这是好习惯，所以一直建议你们来写，慢慢培养咯</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3367117,'Digg',this)">支持(2)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3367117,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/425762/20130809170024.png
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<a href="#3475449" class="layer">#6楼</a><a name="3475449" id="comment_anchor_3475449"></a> 2016-07-23 20:50 <a id="a_comment_author_3475449" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/zwei0227/" target="_blank">zwei0227</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/zwei0227" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3475449" class="blog_comment_body">沛齐老师：你好！我看了你的51上的<a href="http://edu.51cto.com/course/course_id-5065.html" target="_blank">http://edu.51cto.com/course/course_id-5065.html</a> 讲的挺好的，但是这个上面只有基础，找不到接下来的部分了。。。。 请问在哪里能看到啊？？？</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3475449,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3475449,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/996619/20160818235759.png
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<a href="#3475901" class="layer">#7楼</a><a name="3475901" id="comment_anchor_3475901"></a>[楼主] 2016-07-25 10:14 <a id="a_comment_author_3475901" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/" target="_blank">武沛齐</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B2%9B%E9%BD%90" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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zwei0227 python之路有目录</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3475901,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3475901,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/425762/20130809170024.png
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<a href="#3476534" class="layer">#8楼</a><a name="3476534" id="comment_anchor_3476534"></a> 2016-07-26 00:44 <a id="a_comment_author_3476534" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/zwei0227/" target="_blank">zwei0227</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/zwei0227" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3476534" class="blog_comment_body">我想问哪里还有这一期接下来的视频，因为我是在西安，去北京也不方便，花费还大。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3476534,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3476534,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/996619/20160818235759.png
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<a href="#3476546" class="layer">#9楼</a><a name="3476546" id="comment_anchor_3476546"></a>[楼主] 2016-07-26 07:37 <a id="a_comment_author_3476546" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/wupeiqi/" target="_blank">武沛齐</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B2%9B%E9%BD%90" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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zwei0227 有网络班的课程哦，详细咨询客服：<a href="http://www.oldboyedu.com/" target="_blank">http://www.oldboyedu.com/</a></div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3476546,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3476546,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/425762/20130809170024.png
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<a href="#3486726" class="layer">#10楼</a><a name="3486726" id="comment_anchor_3486726"></a> 2016-08-10 13:56 <a id="a_comment_author_3486726" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1006734/" target="_blank">大牙兔</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%99%E5%85%94" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3491434" class="layer">#11楼</a><a name="3491434" id="comment_anchor_3491434"></a> 2016-08-18 11:03 <a id="a_comment_author_3491434" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1006734/" target="_blank">大牙兔</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%A4%A7%E7%89%99%E5%85%94" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3855095" class="layer">#12楼</a><a name="3855095" id="comment_anchor_3855095"></a>38550952017/11/30 23:12:52 2017-11-30 23:12 <a id="a_comment_author_3855095" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/xiashuai-future/" target="_blank">骨灰级帅锅</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E9%AA%A8%E7%81%B0%E7%BA%A7%E5%B8%85%E9%94%85" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3855095" class="blog_comment_body">虽然我是个男的，但是我还是要说，爱死你了武老师，你的学习资料真滴大有用处，路转粉</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3855095,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3855095,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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setTimeout(function () { incrementViewCount(cb_entryId); }, 50);
deliverT2();
deliverC1();
deliverC2();
loadNewsAndKb();
loadBlogSignature();
LoadPostInfoBlock(cb_blogId, cb_entryId, cb_blogApp, cb_blogUserGuid);
GetPrevNextPost(cb_entryId, cb_blogId, cb_entryCreatedDate, cb_postType);
loadOptUnderPost();
GetHistoryToday(cb_blogId, cb_blogApp, cb_entryCreatedDate);
}
</script>
</div>

</div>

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