Contents
Introduction. ....................................................................................... 524
History. ........................................................................................ 524
Evolution of the Research Field. ............................................................. 526
Features. ........................................................................................... 528
Polar Representation. ......................................................................... 530
Invariance to Similarities...................................................................... 530
Pixel Descriptors. ............................................................................. 531
Multi-scale/Resolution Decomposition. ...................................................... 534
Structural Descriptors. ........................................................................ 535
Recognition Methods. ............................................................................. 538
Distance and Similarity Measures. ........................................................... 539
Embedding Methods. ......................................................................... 540
Structural Classification. ...................................................................... 540
Statistical Classification. ...................................................................... 541
Symbol Spotting................................................................................... 543
Conclusion. ........................................................................................ 546
Cross-References. ................................................................................. 547
References. ........................................................................................ 547
Further Reading. .............................................................................. 551

Abstract摘要

According to the Cambridge Dictionaries Online, a symbol is a sign, shape, or object that is used to represent something else.

根据剑桥词典，符号(symbol)是用来表示其他事物的符号、形状或物体。

Symbol recognition is a subfield of general pattern recognition problems that focuses on identifying, detecting,and recognizing symbols in technical drawings, maps, or miscellaneous documents such as logos and musical scores.

符号识别是一般模式识别问题的一个子领域，它关注于识别、检测和识别技术图纸、地图或其他文档（如徽标和乐谱）中的符号。

This chapter aims at providing the reader an overview of the different existing ways of describing and recognizing symbols and how the field has evolved to attain a certain degree of maturity.

本章旨在为读者提供描述和识别符号的不同现有方式的概述，以及该领域如何进化以达到一定程度的成熟度。