Java 高阶之线程间通信

正常情况下,每个子线程完成各自的任务就可以结束了。不过有的时候,我们希望多个线程协同工作来完成某个任务,这时就涉及到了线程间通信了。

如何让两个线程依次执行?

需求:假设有两个线程,一个是线程 A,另一个是线程 B,两个线程分别依次打印 1-3 三个数字即可。
代码:

private static void demo1() {
    Thread A = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            printNumber("A");
        }
    });
    Thread B = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            printNumber("B");
        }
    });
    A.start();
    B.start();
}

private static void printNumber(String threadName) {
    int i=0;
    while (i++ < 3) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(100);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        System.out.println(threadName + "print:" + i);
    }
}

结果:

B print: 1
A print: 1
B print: 2
A print: 2
B print: 3
A print: 3

可以看到 A 和 B 是同时打印的。

需求:希望 B 在 A 全部打印完后再开始打印呢?
思路:我们可以利用 thread.join() 方法。
代码:

private static void demo2() {
    Thread A = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            printNumber("A");
        }
    });
    Thread B = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("B 开始等待 A");
            try {
                A.join();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            printNumber("B");
        }
    });
    B.start();
    A.start();

结果:

B 开始等待 A
A print: 1
A print: 2
A print: 3
 
B print: 1
B print: 2
B print: 3

如何让两个线程按照指定方式有序交叉运行呢?

需求:希望 A 在打印完 1 后,再让 B 打印 1, 2, 3,最后再回到 A 继续打印 2, 3。
思路:我们可以利用 object.wait() 和 object.notify() 两个方法来实现。
代码:

private static void demo3() {
    Object lock = new Object();
    Thread A = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            synchronized (lock) {
                System.out.println("A 1");
                try {
                    lock.wait();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println("A 2");
                System.out.println("A 3");
            }
        }
    });
    Thread B = new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            synchronized (lock) {
                System.out.println("B 1");
                System.out.println("B 2");
                System.out.println("B 3");
                lock.notify();
            }
        }
    });
    A.start();
    B.start();

结果:

A 1
A waiting…
 
B 1
B 2
B 3
A 2
A 3

四个线程 A B C D,其中 D 要等到 A B C 全执行完毕后才执行,而且 A B C 是同步运行的

需求:A B C 三个线程同时运行,各自独立运行完后通知 D;对 D 而言,只要 A B C 都运行完了,D 再开始运行。
思路:针对这种情况,我们可以利用 CountdownLatch 来实现这类通信方式。
代码:

private static void runDAfterABC() {
    int worker = 3;
    CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(worker);
    new Thread(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            System.out.println("D is waiting for other three threads");
            try {
                countDownLatch.await();
                System.out.println("All done, D starts working");
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
    }).start();
    for (char threadName='A'; threadName <= 'C'; threadName++) {
        final String tN = String.valueOf(threadName);
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                System.out.println(tN + "is working");
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(100);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(tN + "finished");
                countDownLatch.countDown();
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

结果:

D is waiting for other three threads
A is working
B is working
C is working
 
A finished
C finished
B finished
All done, D starts working

小结:CountDownLatch 适用于一个线程去等待多个线程的情况。

三个运动员各自准备,等到三个人都准备好后,再一起跑

需求:线程 A B C 各自开始准备,直到三者都准备完毕,然后再同时运行 。也就是要实现一种 线程之间互相等待 的效果。
思路:为了实现线程间互相等待这种需求,我们可以利用 CyclicBarrier 数据结构。
代码:

private static void runABCWhenAllReady() {
    int runner = 3;
    CyclicBarrier cyclicBarrier = new CyclicBarrier(runner);
    final Random random = new Random();
    for (char runnerName='A'; runnerName <= 'C'; runnerName++) {
        final String rN = String.valueOf(runnerName);
        new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                long prepareTime = random.nextInt(10000) + 100;
                System.out.println(rN + "is preparing for time:" + prepareTime);
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(prepareTime);
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                try {
                    System.out.println(rN + "is prepared, waiting for others");
                    cyclicBarrier.await(); // 当前运动员准备完毕,等待别人准备好
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                } catch (BrokenBarrierException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
                System.out.println(rN + "starts running"); // 所有运动员都准备好了,一起开始跑
            }
        }).start();
    }
}

结果:

A is preparing for time: 4131
B is preparing for time: 6349
C is preparing for time: 8206
 
A is prepared, waiting for others
B is prepared, waiting for others 
C is prepared, waiting for others
 
C starts running
A starts running
B starts running

子线程完成某件任务后,把得到的结果回传给主线程

需求:我们想让子线程去计算从 1 加到 100,并把算出的结果返回到主线程。
思路:在 Java 里,有一个类是配合 Callable 使用的:FutureTask,不过注意,它获取结果的 get 方法会阻塞主线程。
代码:

private static void doTaskWithResultInWorker() {
    Callable<Integer> callable = new Callable<Integer>() {
        @Override
        public Integer call() throws Exception {
            System.out.println("Task starts");
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            int result = 0;
            for (int i=0; i<=100; i++) {
                result += i;
            }
            System.out.println("Task finished and return result");
            return result;
        }
    };
    FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<>(callable);
    new Thread(futureTask).start();
    try {
        System.out.println("Before futureTask.get()");
        System.out.println("Result:" + futureTask.get());
        System.out.println("After futureTask.get()");
    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    } catch (ExecutionException e) {
        e.printStackTrace();
    }
}

结果:

Before futureTask.get()
 
Task starts
Task finished and return result
 
Result: 5050
After futureTask.get()
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转载自blog.csdn.net/duoduo_11011/article/details/103452377