例1：
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise// in the future as they have in the past,// giving rise to new standards of elegance.

1.forms 类型；形式
2.subject 主题，对象
3.elegance 优雅，简练

1.找主句的谓语动词：arise
主干（注意：as well as并列两部分共同作主语）
New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future
新的思维方式和新的思维主题将来一定会出现

2. as they have in the past
   就如同过去一样

3.giving rise to new standards of elegance.
给简练以及新的标准
翻译：
同过去一样，新的思维方式和新的思维主题将来一定会出现，从而给简练以及新的标准

例2：
But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one// who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.

1.intelligence n. 智力，智慧
2.grasp v. 抓住，理解，领会
3.reason v. 推理
4.verbal a. 语言的，口头的

1.找主句的谓语动词：is（it is that 引导主句从句，主干在that后面）
主干
a person of high intelligence is one
高智商的人是一个人

who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, /
他能够快速抓住问题，做出辨别，逻辑的推理
and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
并且用口语和数学符号解决问题。

翻译：
但是总所周知，高智商的人这样一个人，他能够快速抓住问题，做出辨别，逻辑的推理并且用口语和数学符号解决问题。

例3：
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,// and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.

1.institution 机构
2.noted 著名的
3.conduct 运作
4.directive 指导性

1.找主句的谓语动词：was
Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted,
这种结构附带产生的影响只有逐渐地才能被注意到

and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor
只有更加缓慢地这种影响被认为是一种指导性因素

in the conduct of the institution.
这种机构的运作

翻译：
人们只是逐渐地才能注意到这种机构附带产生的影响;而人们把这种影响视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更加缓慢。