1.1 Introduction

Organizations face tougher business objectives every day, e.g., decreased time-to-market, requirements for higher quality levels and reliability and reduced costs. Systems in which software is a dominant factor are becoming more and more challenging to build. They are playing an increasingly important role in society. New methods, techniques, and tools are becoming available to support development and maintenance tasks. Because systems play such an important role in our lives both economically and socially, there is pressure for the software engineering discipline to focus on quality issues. Poor quality software is no longer acceptable to society. Software failures can result in catastrophic losses. In this context the importance of the testing discipline, as one of the quality measures that can be taken, is growing rapidly. Testing has become a key activity that directly influences not only the product quality but also the ‘performance’ of the entire development and manufacturing process.

企业每天所面对的经营目标很残酷，比如上市时间的下降，对更高质量和高可靠性的要求，减少耗费。软件产品面临着越来越多的挑战。他们在社会中扮演重要角色。新的方法，技术和工具用来支持开发和维护工作。因为系统在我们生活和经济中扮演的重要角色。软件工程需要加强对产品质量方面问题的关注。低质量的产品不会长久被社会接受。软件失败会产生巨大的损失。从这个角度讲软件测试训练的重要性。作为质量验证被实施，测试变成了一个关键的活动不仅对于产品质量同时对于整个研发和生产过程的性能都有直接影响。

For the past decade, the software industry has invested substantial effort to improve the quality of its products. This has been a difficult job since the size and complexity of software increases rapidly while customers and users are becoming more and more demanding. At the same time, software development is becoming an outsourced activity or is co-developed with other sites. Despite encouraging results from various quality improvement approaches, the software industry is still far from zero defects. To improve product quality, the software industry has often focused on improving its development processes. A guideline that has been widely used to improve the development processes is the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI). The CMMI is often regarded as the industry standard for software process improvement. Despite the fact that testing often accounts for at least 30-40% of the total project costs, only limited attention is given to testing in the various software process improvement models such as the CMMI. As an answer, the testing community has created its own improvement models. This document describes the Test Maturity Model Integration (TMMi). The TMMi is a detailed model for test process improvement and is positioned as being complementary to the CMMI.

在过去的几十年，软件领域花了大量精力来提升产品质量。这是一个很艰难的工作。因为客户的需求不断增加，软件大小和复杂度飞速提升。同时，软件开发也变成外包或者多地合作开发。虽然我们引入了许多产品提升的方法，但任然具体零bug还有很远的距离。为了提高软件质量。软件产业通常焦距在提高软件开发过程。通常我们会提到CMMI。CMMI通常被认为是软件开发行业标准。尽管事实上测试通常要消耗整个项目30%-40%。但是软件开发改进流程中只是给出了有限的关注在测试方面。作为回应，测试组织给出了自己的提升模型。这个文档描述了测试成熟度集成模型。TMMI是一个详尽的测试过程提升模型并且定位于对CMMI的补充。

1.2 Background and History

The TMMi framework has been developed by the TMMi Foundation as a guideline and reference framework for test process improvement and is positioned as a complementary model to the CMMI Version 1.3 [CMMI] addressing those issues important to test managers, test engineers and software quality professionals. Testing as defined in the TMMi is applied in its broadest sense to encompass all software product quality-related activities. Testing: The process consisting of all lifecycle activities, both static and dynamic, concerned with planning, preparation and evaluation of software products and related work products to determine that they satisfy specified requirements, to demonstrate that they are fit for purpose and to detect defects. [ISTQB] Just like the CMMI staged representation, the TMMi also uses the concept of maturity levels for process evaluation and improvement. Furthermore process areas, goals and practices are identified. Applying the TMMi maturity criteria will improve the test process and have a positive impact on product quality, test engineering productivity, and cycletime effort. The TMMi has been developed to support organizations with evaluating and improving their test process. Within the TMMi, testing evolves from a chaotic, ill-defined process with a lack of resources, tools and well-educated testers to a mature and controlled process that has defect prevention as its main objective. Practical experiences are positive and show that TMMi supports the process of establishing a more effective and efficient test process. Testing becomes a profession and a fully integrated part of the development process. As stated the focus of testing changes from defect detection to defect prevention.

TMMI框架是有TMMI基金会开发的，作为测试流程提升的指南和引用。定位于CMMI1.3的补充模型，旨在发现那些对于测试经理，测试工程师和产品质量人员很重要的问题。TMMI中定义的测试是一个广泛应用于所有软件产品质量相关的活动。测试：这个过程包含所有的生命周期活动，静态和动态。涵盖计划，准备，评估和相关的工作产品以决定他们是否满足指定的需求。并且证明他们满足需求，减少缺陷。和cmmi的过程阶段展示类似，TMMI也使用成熟度级别的概念来处理评估和改进。此外，过程域，目标，和活动被定义出来。实施TMMI成熟度标准会提高测试过程并且对于产品质量有积极影响。测试工程生产力和生命周期时间方面也会受益。TMMI被开发出来以支持组织评估和提升测试过程。有了TMMI测试可以从一个混沌的，错误过程定义，缺少资源，工具和良好教育的测试员工的状态变成一个成熟的和受控的过程，这个过程把阻止错误发生作为主要目标。实践经正面的展示了TMMI支持一个高效测试过程的建立。测试变成一个专业并且很好的集成到开发过程。如上述，我们把测试测试从bug发现转变到bug预防。

1.3 Sources

The development of the TMMi has used the TMM framework as developed by the Illinois Institute of Technology as one of its major sources [Burnstein]. In addition to the TMM, it was largely guided by the work done on the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI), a process improvement model that has widespread support in the IT industry. 

TMMI的发展是从LLINOIS研究中心提出的TMM框架的基础上发展的。在TMM的基础上，TMMI极大的收到CMMI影响

1.4 Scope of the TMMi